Vitamins as Nutraceuticals Recent Advances and Applications

This book provides an overview of key issues including definitions of vitamins as nutraceuticals. The editors and chapter authors focus on vitamins as nutraceuticals for health conditions such as human nutrition, pregnancy, oral health, anaemia, blindness. This book also explores the structure and function of various vitamins, recent advances of vitamins, impact of various vitamins on immunity and nutraceutical properties of seaweed vitamin and marine-derived sources of nutritional vitamins. Beneficial effects of water-soluble vitamins in nutrition, health promotion and nutraceutical potential of fat soluble vitamins are also discussed. Examine the development of nutraceuticals products featuring maximising the vitamins benefits of human health.

Eknath D. Ahire, is an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmaceutics, METs, Institute of Pharmacy, BKC, Adgaon, and Nashik, India.

Raj K. Keservani, MPharm, is an associate professor in the Faculty of B. Pharmacy, CSM Group of Institutions, Prayagraj, India. He has more than 12 years of academic (teaching) experience from various institutes of India in pharmaceutical education. He has published more than 30 peer-reviewed papers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences in national and international journals, 1 patents, 43 book chapters, three co-authored books, and 19 edited books. His research interests include nutraceutical and functional foods, novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), transdermal drug delivery/drug delivery, health science, cancer biology, and neurobiology.

Khemchand R. Surana assistant professor in the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the SSS’s Divine College of Pharmacy, Nashik, India

Sippy Singh, is an associate professor in the Department Of Zoology, S.S. Khanna Girls’ Degree College, Prayagraj, India.

Raj K. Keservani, MPharm, is an associate professor in the Faculty of B. Pharmacy, CSM Group of Institutions, Prayagraj, India. He has more than 12 years of academic (teaching) experience from various institutes of India in pharmaceutical education. He has published more than 30 peer-reviewed papers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences in national and international journals, 1 patents, 43 book chapters, three co-authored books, and 19 edited books. His research interests include nutraceutical and functional foods, novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), transdermal drug delivery/drug delivery, health science, cancer biology, and neurobiology.

Preface xiii

1 Introduction to Nutraceutical Vitamins 1
Khemchand R. Surana, Eknath D. Ahire, Shital J. Patil, Sunil K. Mahajan, Dhananjay M. Patil and Deepak D. Sonawane

1.1 Introduction 2

1.1.1 Multivitamins 4

1.1.2 Classification of Vitamins 4

1.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, F, and K 4

1.2.1 Vitamin A 4

1.2.2 Vitamin d 6

1.2.3 Vitamin E 8

1.2.4 Vitamin F 9

1.2.5 Vitamin K 11

1.2.6 Water-Soluble Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B7, B9, B 12 (B complex), and c 12

1.2.6.1 Vitamin B 1 13

1.2.6.2 Vitamin B 2 15

1.2.6.3 Vitamin B 3 16

1.2.7 Vitamin B 5 17

1.2.8 Vitamin B 6 19

1.2.9 Vitamin B9, BC, Vitamin M, or Folacin 20

1.2.10 Vitamin B 12 22

1.2.11 Vitamin c 24

1.3 Conclusions 26

Acknowledgment 27

References 27

2 Structure and Functions of Vitamins 35
Suvarna S. Khairnar, Khemchand R. Surana, Eknath D. Ahire, Sunil K. Mahajan, Dhananjay M. Patil and Deepak D. Sonawane

2.1 Introduction 36

2.2 Structural Discussion 37

2.2.1 Vitamin A 37

2.2.2 Vitamin d 39

2.2.3 Vitamin E 41

2.2.4 Vitamin K 42

2.2.5 Vitamin B 1 43

2.2.6 Vitamin B 2 44

2.2.7 Vitamin B 3 45

2.2.8 Vitamin B7/H 46

2.2.9 Vitamin B9/Folic Acid 47

2.2.10 Vitamin B 12 48

2.2.11 Vitamin c 49

2.3 Conclusion 55

References 55

3 Vitamin Intervention in Cardiac Health 61
Shubham J. Khairnar, Eknath D. Ahire, Madhuri D. Deshmukh, Raj K. Keservani, Sanjay J. Kshirsagar, Amit Kumar Rajora and Manju Amit Kumar Rajora

3.1 Introduction 62

3.2 Vitamin Deficiency and Cardiovascular Disease 63

3.3 Vitamin Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease 66

3.4 Clinical Research Suggesting Antioxidant Vitamins’ Beneficial Effects in CVP 70

3.5 Beneficial Effects of B Vitamins in CVP 73

3.6 Role of Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Health 73

3.7 Conclusion 76

Acknowledgment 77

References 77

4 Impact of Vitamins on Immunity 87
Abhijeet G. Parkhe, Khemchand R. Surana, Eknath D. Ahire, Sunil K. Mahajan, Dhananjay M. Patil and Deepak D. Sonawane

4.1 Introduction 88

4.2 Vitamin-Rich Foods for the Management of Immune System-Related Diseases 89

4.3 Fat-Soluble Vitamins Reported in the Literature Commonly Used in the Treatment of the Immune System-Related Diseases 92

4.3.1 Vitamin A 92

4.3.2 Vitamin d 93

4.3.3 Vitamin E 94

4.4 Water Soluble Vitamins Reported in the Literature Commonly Used in the Treatment of the Immune System-Related Diseases 95

4.4.1 Vitamin B 1 95

4.4.2 Vitamin B 2 96

4.4.3 Vitamin B 3 97

4.4.4 Vitamin B 6 98

4.4.5 Vitamin B 9 98

4.4.6 Vitamin B 12 99

4.4.7 Vitamin c 99

4.5 Conclusion 100

Acknowledgment 100

References 101

5 Nutraceuticals Potential of Fat-Soluble Vitamins 107
Jagannath Gaikwad, Shweta Jogdand, Afsar Pathan, Ashwini Mahajan, Anmol Darak, Eknath D. Ahire and Khemchand R. Surana

5.1 Introduction 108

5.1.1 Categories of Nutraceuticals 109

5.1.2 Vitamins 110

5.1.2.1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 111

5.1.2.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Covid- 19 116

5.1.2.3 Properties of Fat-Soluble Vitamins (Potential) 117

5.2 Prospective Market Potential of Vitamin K 2 123

5.3 Conclusion 123

Acknowledgment 124

References 124

6 Marine-Derived Sources of Nutritional Vitamins 129
Neelam L. Dashputre, Rahul R. Sable, Mayur Sawant, Shubham J. Khairnar, Eknath D. Ahire, Surabhi B. Patil and Jayesh D. Kadam

6.1 Introduction 130

6.2 Marine-Based Beneficial Molecules 131

6.2.1 Chitin and Chitosan 131

6.2.1.1 Anti-Oxidant Properties 132

6.2.1.2 Anti-Microbial Properties 133

6.2.1.3 Anti-Hypertensive Activity 134

6.2.1.4 Anti-Allergy and Anti-Inflammatory Activity 134

6.2.1.5 Anti-Obesity and Anti-Diabetic Activity 134

6.2.1.6 Anti-Cancer and Anti-Tumor Activity 135

6.3 Beneficial Molecules from Marine Macroalgae 136

6.3.1 Pigments 136

6.3.2 Polysaccharides 138

6.3.3 Phenolic Compounds 140

6.4 Fish Oil 141

6.5 EAA in Protein Supplement Systems 142

6.6 Minerals in Seafood for Human Diet 143

6.7 Marine-Based Vitamin Sources 144

6.8 Dopamine in Seafood as Drug and Supplement 149

6.9 Bioactive Peptides From Marine Sources 150

6.10 Gelatin From Marine Sources 151

6.11 Health Benefit of Nano-Based Materials for Bioactive Compounds from Marine-Based Sources 153

6.12 Conclusions 155

Acknowledgment 156

References 156

7 Nutraceutical Properties of Seaweed Vitamins 167
Afsar Pathan, Mahima M. Mahajan, Pankaj G. Jain, Shital P. Zambad, Govinda S. Bhandari, Anmol D. Darak, Eknath D. Ahire, Amit Kumar Rajora and Khemchand R. Surana

7.1 Introduction 168

7.2 Bioactive Compounds from Seaweeds 170

7.2.1 Vitamins 170

7.2.2 Polysaccharides 170

7.2.3 Lipids and Fatty Acids 170

7.2.4 Phytochemicals 171

7.3 Seaweed Vitamins as Nutraceuticals 171

7.4 Types of Seaweed Vitamin 172

7.5 Vitamin Composition in Seaweed 173

7.5.1 Therapeutic Properties of Seaweed Vitamins 175

7.6 Future Perspectives 178

7.7 Conclusion 179

Acknowledgment 180

References 180

8 Vitamins as Nutraceuticals for Pregnancy 185
Tushar N. Lokhande, Kshitij S. Varma, Shrikant M. Gharate, Sunil K. Mahajan and Khemchand R. Surana

8.1 Introduction 186

8.1.1 Diet and Nourishment in Pregnancy 186

8.2 Role of Important Vitamins in Pregnancy 188

8.2.1 Vitamin A/Retinol 188

8.2.2 Vitamin D/Calciferol 189

8.2.3 Vitamin E/Tocopherol 189

8.2.4 Vitamin B1/Thiamine 191

8.2.5 Vitamin B7/Biotin 191

8.2.6 Vitamin B9/Folic Acid 191

8.2.7 Vitamin B12/Cobalamin/Cyanocobalamin 192

8.2.8 Vitamin C/Ascorbic Acid 192

8.3 Concept of Nutraceuticals 194

8.4 Targeted Nutrition Foods for Pregnancy 195

8.5 Concentrations of Vitamins During Pregnancy 196

8.6 Role of Vitamins in the Body 197

8.7 Herbal Sources as a Vitamin 197

8.8 Conclusion 198

Acknowledgment 199

References 199

9 Role of Vitamins in Metabolic Diseases 205
Simona D’souza, Pavan Udavant, Jayesh Kadam, Shubham Khairnar, Eknath D. Ahire and Rahul Sable

Abbreviations 206

9.1 Introduction 207

9.1.1 Introduction to Vitamins 207

9.1.1.1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 209

9.1.1.2 Water-Soluble Vitamins 209

9.2 Metabolic Diseases 210

9.2.1 Role of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Metabolic Diseases 211

9.2.1.1 Vitamin A 211

9.2.1.2 Vitamin d 214

9.2.1.3 Vitamin E 217

9.2.1.4 Vitamin K 219

9.2.2 Role of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Metabolic Diseases 222

9.2.2.1 Vitamin B 3 222

9.2.2.2 Vitamin B 5 223

9.2.2.3 Vitamin B 6 224

9.2.2.4 Vitamin B 2 225

9.2.2.5 Vitamin B 9 225

9.2.2.6 Vitamin B 12 225

9.2.2.7 Vitamin c 227

9.3 Can Ascorbic Acid Lead to Cancer? 228

9.4 Conclusion 229

Acknowledgment 229

References 229

10 Beneficial Effects of Water‐Soluble Vitamins in Nutrition and Health Promotion 235
Afsar S. Pathan, Pankaj G. Jain, Ashwini B. Mahajan, Vivek S. Kumawat, Eknath D. Ahire, Khemchand R. Surana, Amit K. Rajora and Manju Amit Kumar Rajora

10.1 Introduction 236

10.1.1 Vitamin and Its Types 237

10.1.1.1 Water-Soluble Vitamins 237

10.1.1.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 238

10.1.2 History of Vitamins 238

10.1.2.1 Vitamin B-Complex 239

10.2 Beneficial Effects of Vitamins on Nutrition 244

10.3 Beneficial Effects of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Health Promotion 247

10.3.1 Vitamin B 1 247

10.3.2 Vitamin c 247

10.4 Future Prospective of the Water-Soluble Vitamins 248

10.5 Conclusion 249

Acknowledgment 249

References 249

11 Vitamins as Nutraceuticals for Anemia 253
Snehal D. Pawar, Shubham D. Deore, Nikita P. Bairagi, Vaishnavi B. Deshmukh, Tushar N. Lokhande and Khemchand R. Surana

11.1 Introduction 254

11.1.1 Classification of Nutraceuticals 255

11.2 Anemia 255

11.2.1 Types of Anemia 256

11.2.2 Causes of Anemia 258

11.3 Role of Vitamins in Nutraceuticals for Anemia 258

11.3.1 Role of Iron in Anemia as Nutraceutical 258

11.3.2 Vitamin A 259

11.3.3 Vitamin c 260

11.3.4 Vitamin E 261

11.3.5 Folate 262

11.3.6 Vitamin B 12 263

11.3.7 Riboflavin 263

11.4 Structure of Vitamins 265

11.5 Conclusion 275

Acknowledgment 275

References 275

12 Vitamins as Nutraceuticals for Oral Health 281
Tushar N. Lokhande, Snehal D. Pawar, Snehal S. Kolpe, Khemchand R. Surana, Smita C. Bonde and Sunil K. Mahajan

12.1 Introduction 282

12.1.1 Nutraceuticals Categorized Based on Food Available in Market 283

12.2 Vitamins 285

12.2.1 History of Vitamins 286

12.2.2 Importance of Vitamins for Humans 287

12.3 Role of Vitamins as Nutraceutical for Oral Health 287

12.3.1 Vitamins Associated with the Oral Health as Nutraceuticals 287

12.3.3.1 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) 287

12.3.3.2 Vitamin d 289

12.3.3.3 Vitamin E 290

12.3.3.4 Vitamin K (MKs) 291

12.3.3.5 Vitamin A 292

12.3.3.6 Vitamin B-Complex 293

12.4 Before Nutraceuticals 294

12.5 Conclusion 295

Acknowledgement 295

References 295

Index 301