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Summary
In all developed countries, to varying extents, a minority of the population is widely perceived as suffering from particular deprivation and disadvantage. The European Union and many national governments and local agencies have sought to conceptualise and deal with this problem through the notion of 'social exclusion'.
Author Biography
Andrew McCulloch is Senior Lecturer at Northumbria University.
Table of Contents
| List of illustrations | p. ix |
| Preface | p. xi |
| List of abbreviations | p. xiii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The reality, ideologies and management of poverty | p. 9 |
| Management of the poor, ideologies of poverty | p. 11 |
| The creation of poverty | p. 11 |
| Obscuring the causes of poverty | p. 13 |
| Coercion versus incorporation, separation versus integration | p. 14 |
| Pushing the poor into work | p. 18 |
| Inventing and tackling the underclass and the culture of poverty | p. 21 |
| Intervening in consumption | p. 24 |
| Political inclusion and exclusion | p. 25 |
| Continuity, cycles and dilemmas | p. 26 |
| Space and the management of the poor | p. 28 |
| Poverty policy uses space | p. 28 |
| The nation and the world | p. 29 |
| The nation, the locality and the individual | p. 33 |
| The nation and its regions | p. 35 |
| The city, 'rurality' and the suburbs | p. 36 |
| The neighbourhood | p. 38 |
| Conclusion: contortions of space in the management of poverty | p. 43 |
| Patterns of social exclusion | p. 46 |
| What are poverty and social exclusion? | p. 46 |
| Incomes | p. 51 |
| Employment and the state's reaction to it | p. 52 |
| Aspects of deprivation and their relation to income | p. 54 |
| Social oppressions: poverty and social exclusion | p. 57 |
| Neighbourhoods, localities, regions | p. 61 |
| Conclusion | p. 63 |
| The causes of social exclusion | p. 65 |
| Introduction to Part II | p. 65 |
| Jobs, the economy and social exclusion | p. 67 |
| Introduction | p. 67 |
| Capitalism, poor jobs and unemployment | p. 67 |
| The systematic unevenness of poverty creation | p. 71 |
| The deepening of employment-related poverty in the present period | p. 74 |
| A long crisis of capitalism | p. 81 |
| Conclusion | p. 84 |
| How the state excludes | p. 85 |
| The state and the poor | p. 85 |
| State spending, taxation and poverty | p. 86 |
| How public services fail the poor | p. 88 |
| Neoliberal reforms of state services and their impact on social exclusion | p. 91 |
| Capitalism, the family, and incomes from the state | p. 93 |
| The breakdown of the postwar settlement | p. 96 |
| Cuts in benefits and imposition of family dependence | p. 98 |
| Retirement incomes and the casino economy | p. 99 |
| 'Welfare to work' | p. 101 |
| Conclusion: the neoliberal state exacerbates inequality | p. 104 |
| Social reproduction and social exclusion | p. 106 |
| Working-class reproduction: privatism and inequality | p. 106 |
| The rise of the nuclear family and change in gender divisions of labour | p. 107 |
| The decline of neighbourhood survival strategies of the poor | p. 108 |
| Authority, cultural capital and stigmatisation | p. 110 |
| The market versus decent housing for the poor | p. 111 |
| Residential exclusion and concentration of the poor | p. 113 |
| Access to services and service spaces | p. 118 |
| Immobilised by the car | p. 120 |
| Damaged by commodities | p. 121 |
| Committing crime and disorder in poor neighbourhoods | p. 122 |
| The impact of crime on the poor: fear and policing | p. 124 |
| Social life deepens poverty | p. 125 |
| Excluding societies | p. 128 |
| Excluded in every field of life | p. 128 |
| Popular attitudes to the poor | p. 128 |
| Social oppressions, class and social exclusion | p. 131 |
| National regimes of social exclusion | p. 135 |
| Conclusion to Part II | p. 139 |
| Strategies against social exclusion | p. 141 |
| Consensus strategies and their ambiguities | p. 143 |
| Political agreement and difference | p. 143 |
| Welfare to work | p. 145 |
| Education, training and 'enterprise' | p. 147 |
| The new localism: decentralisation and spatial fragmentation | p. 148 |
| Small area regeneration: local targeting and community mobilisation | p. 151 |
| Entrepreneurship and small business | p. 156 |
| The social economy | p. 157 |
| Environmental improvement | p. 161 |
| Partnership: governance, not government | p. 164 |
| Conclusion | p. 167 |
| Neoliberalism: markets for the poor? | p. 169 |
| Opening opportunities for the poor through markets | p. 169 |
| Why neoliberal strategy fails the poor | p. 175 |
| Reinterpreting the promise and failures of neoliberalism | p. 181 |
| Racism and rightwing populism as a strategy against poverty | p. 183 |
| Conservative interventionism: social inclusion? | p. 186 |
| From Thatcherism to New Labour | p. 186 |
| From the underclass to the socially excluded | p. 189 |
| Conservative interventionism versus social exclusion | p. 191 |
| Post-industrial cities, cultural diversity and social mix | p. 195 |
| Failures of social inclusion | p. 197 |
| The contradictions of conservative interventionism | p. 206 |
| Associationalism: social democracy from below? | p. 209 |
| Postmodern social democracy | p. 209 |
| Social theory and the optimism of associationalism | p. 210 |
| Social inclusion for all | p. 212 |
| Critique of associationalism | p. 216 |
| Associationalism and the ghost of class struggle | p. 220 |
| Socialist strategy for inclusion | p. 222 |
| From object to subject of politics | p. 222 |
| Who can fight exclusion? The scales of collectivity | p. 224 |
| Political focuses, holism and the complexity of exclusion | p. 228 |
| The social economy: small-scale and community socialisation | p. 231 |
| Different scales of struggle | p. 232 |
| Influencing and changing the state | p. 233 |
| An inclusive socialist society | p. 235 |
| Bibliography | p. 239 |
| Index | p. 263 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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