Solid/Liquid Separation: Equipment Selection and Process Design,9781856174213

Solid/Liquid Separation: Equipment Selection and Process Design

by ;
Edition: 1st
ISBN13: 9781856174213
ISBN10: 1856174212
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-12-07
Publisher(s): Elsevier Science
  • Complimentary 7-Day eTextbook Access - Read more
    When you rent or buy this book, you will receive complimentary 7-day online access to the eTextbook version from your PC, Mac, tablet, or smartphone. Feature not included on Marketplace Items.
List Price: $340.00

Buy New

Usually Ships in 8 - 10 Business Days.
$339.66
Add to Cart

Rent Textbook

Select for Price
Add to Cart
There was a problem. Please try again later.

Rent Digital

Rent Digital Options
Online:1825 Days access
Downloadable:Lifetime Access
$390.00
*To support the delivery of the digital material to you, a non-refundable digital delivery fee of $3.99 will be charged on each digital item.
$390.00*
Add to Cart

Used Textbook

We're Sorry
Sold Out

Summary

"In this volume, the third in a set written for the industrial process and chemical engineer, the authors provide detailed information on filtration equipment and media which will allow the reader to consider the pre-treatment of suspensions, selection of the most appropriated equipment for the task, data analysis and subsequent filter design. The result is a guide for frequent reference by all involved with industrial separation processes."--BOOK JACKET.

Table of Contents

Preface xii
1 Solid/liquid separation equipment 1
1.1 Gravity thickeners and clarifiers
2
1.1.1 Circular basin thickener
3
1.1.2 High capacity thickeners
5
1.1.2.1 Circular
5
1.1.2.2 Deep cone
6
1.1.2.3 Lamella
6
1.1.3 Clarifiers
7
1.2 Hydrocyclones
10
1.2.1 Conical reverse flow
10
1.2.2 Circulating bed
11
1.3 Centrifuges
11
1.3.1 Sedimenting centrifuges
11
1.3.1.1 Tubular bowl
12
1.3.1.2 Basket
13
1.3.1.3 Disc stack
14
1.3.1.4 Scroll decanter
16
1.3.2 Filtering centrifuges
17
1.3.2.1 Basket
19
1.3.2.2 Cone screen
20
1.3.2.3 Pusher
23
1.3.2.4 Baffle
24
1.3.2.5 Inverting bag centrifuge
24
1.4 Filters
25
1.4.1 Vacuum filters
26
1.4.1.1 Single leaf
26
1.4.1.2 Multi-element leaf
28
1.4.1.3 Horizontal belt
29
1.4.1.4 Horizontal rotary
31
1.4.1.5 Rotary drum
33
1.4.1.6 Rotary disc
35
1.4.2 Pressure filters and presses
37
1.4.2.1 Single leaf
37
1.4.2.2 Multi-element leaf or candle
38
1.4.2.3 Filter presses
40
1.4.2.4 Sheet filter
43
1.4.2.5 Variable volume filters and Presses
43
1.4.2.6 Continuous pressure filters
49
1.4.2.7 Cartridge filter
51
1.4.2.8 Bag filter
53
1.4.3 Precoat filters
54
1.4.3.1 Precoat rotary drum
54
1.4.3.2 Precoat pressure
55
1.4.4 Depth filters
55
1.4.4.1 Sand bed
56
1.4.4.2 Fibre bed
56
1.5 Classifiers
58
1.5.1 Hydraulic
58
1.5.2 Mechanical
59
1.5.3 Screen
60
1.6 Membrane filters
61
1.6.1 Dead-end
61
1.6.2 Low shear crossflow
63
1.6.2.1 Ultrafilters
64
1.6.2.2 Microfilters
66
1.6.3 High shear crossflow
67
1.7 Other equipment
69
1.7.1 Flotation
69
1.7.2 Strainer
70
1.7.3 Gravity Nutsche filters
71
1.7.4 Gravity belt filter
72
1.8 Force field assisted separations
73
1.8.1 Magnetic field
73
1.8.2 High voltage electric field
74
1.8.3 Low voltage electric field
75
1.8.4 Ultrasonic field
77
1.9 Conclusions
77
2 Filter media 78
2.1 Properties of filter media
80
2.2 Textile media
84
2.2.1 Woven fabrics
84
2.2.1.1 Yarn types
85
2.2.1.2 Fabric constructions and properties
86
2.2.1.3 Fabric finishing processes
94
2.2.2 Composite media
95
2.2.2.1 Surface coated fabrics
95
2.2.2.2 Laminated fabrics
96
2.2.2.3 Double layer weaves
97
2.2.3 Needlefelts and other nonwoven media
98
2.2.4 Selection and applications of filter cloths
101
2.2.5 Damage to filter media
102
2.3 Filter papers and sheets
109
2.3.1 Filter papers
109
2.3.1.1 Industrial papers
110
2.3.1.2 Laboratory papers
110
2.3.2 Filter sheets
110
2.4 Membranes
111
2.5 Screens and meshes
112
2.5.1 Wire cloths
113
2.5.2 Perforated sheets
114
2.5.3 Wedge wire screens
115
2.6 Porous sheets and tubes
117
2.7 Cartridges
118
2.8 Precoats and body aids (filter aids)
120
2.9 Conclusions
125
3 Pretreatment of suspensions 126
3.1 Basic concepts
126
3.2 Coagulation principles and mechanisms
130
3.2.1 Mechanical agitation
130
3.2.2 Indifferent electrolytes
130
3.2.3 Multivalent metal ions (inorganic coagulants)
132
3.2.4 Lower molecular weight polymers (organic coagulants)
134
3.3 Flocculation principles and mechanisms
134
3.3.1 Forms of flocculation and polymer adsorption
135
3.3.2 Lower molecular weight polymers (charge neutralisation)
137
3.3.3 Higher molecular weight polymers (bridging flocculation)
139
3.4 Types of pretreatment chemicals
141
3.4.1 Coagulants
141
3.4.2 Flocculants
142
3.5 Effectiveness and selection of chemical pretreatments
144
3.5.1 Jar settling test
144
3.5.2 Filter test
145
3.5.3 Capillary suction test
145
3.5.4 Coagulant and flocculant selection
146
3.6 Other methods of pretreatment
147
3.6.1 Suspension heating
147
3.6.2 Suspension freezing
148
3.6.3 Particle/crystal formation
148
3.6.4 Elutriation and suspension thickening
148
3.6.5 Ultrasonics
149
3.6.6 Irradiation
150
3.6.7 Addition of solvents/surfactants
150
3.6.8 Addition of filter aid
151
3.7 Conclusions
151
4 Data acquisition, analysis and scale-up 152
4.1 Filtration (cake formation)
152
4.1.1 Test procedures
152
4.1.2 General filtration equation
155
4.1.3 Evaluation of terms in the general filtration equation
157
4.1.4 Evaluation of filter cake properties
158
4.1.5 Example 4.1
161
4.2 Gas deliquoring
164
4.2.1 Test procedure
164
4.2.2 Data analysis procedure
165
4.2.3 Example 4.2
166
4.3 Cake washing
168
4.3.1 Test procedure
169
4.3.2 Data analysis procedure
170
4.3.3 Example 4.3
172
4.4 Jar sedimentation
174
4.4.1 Test procedure
175
4.4.2 Data analysis procedure
176
4.4.3 Example 4.4
177
4.5 Expression (cake formation/consolidation)
178
4.5.1 General test procedure
178
4.5.2 Data manipulation
180
4.5.3 Filtration phase analysis
182
4.5.4 Consolidation phase analysis
183
4.5.5 Example 4.5
184
4.5.6 Estimates of the transition point and consolidation index
189
4.6 State-of-the-art apparatus
192
4.7 Evaluation of scale-up coefficients
196
4.7.1 Example 4.6
198
4.8 Conclusions
199
5 Selection, data analysis and simulation by computer software 201
5.1 Equipment selection
201
5.1.1 Methods of equipment selection
202
5.1.2 Recommended selection procedure
205
5.1.2.1 Specification of duty
206
5.1.2.2 Specification of sedimentation performance
206
5.1.2.3 Specification of filtration performance
207
5.1.2.4 Tables of equipment and letter codings
209
5.2 Implementation of computer software
220
5.3 Descriptions of FDS
226
5.3.1 Equipment selection module
228
5.3.2 Data analysis module
230
5.3.3 Equipment simulation modules
234
5.4 Examples of FDS use
239
5.4.1 Example 5.1: Basic selection and data analysis procedures
240
5.4.2 Example 5.2: Advanced selection procedure
242
5.5 Shortlisting equipment for pilot scale testing and/or simulation
246
5.6 Conclusions
254
6 Process design for batch separations 256
6.1 Batch filter cycle configurations
257
6.1.1 Nutsche filters
257
6.1.2 Multi-element vacuum filter
257
6.1.3 Multi-element leaf and candle pressure filters
257
6.1.4 Horizontal diaphragm, plate and frame, and recessed plate presses
260
6.1.5 Vertical diaphragm presses
261
6.1.6 Tube press
261
6.2 Design equations for batch filter cycles
264
6.2.1 Filtration (cake formation) phase
265
6.2.1.1 Nutsche and multi-element vacuum filters
266
6.2.1.2 Filter and diaphragm presses and multi-element leaf pressure filters
268
6.2.1.3 Tube press
271
6.2.1.4 Multi-element candle filter
272
6.2.2 Compression deliquoring
273
6.2.3 Displacement washing
276
6.2.4 Gas deliquoring
280
6.2.5 Optimisation of filtration time for batch filters
285
6.3 Design equations for centrifugal filter cycles
286
6.4 Examples of batch filter cycle calculations
288
6.4.1 Example 6.1: Horizontal diaphragm filter press
288
6.4.1.1 Cake formation (filtration) phases
289
6.4.1.2 Consolidation (compression deliquoring) phase
295
6.4.1.3 Washing phase
298
6.4.1.4 Gas deliquoring phase
302
6.4.1.5 Summary of results and filter cycle illustrations
306
6.4.2 Example 6.2: Nutsche filter
306
6.4.2.1 Cake formation (filtration) phase
309
6.4.2.2 Washing phase
312
6.4.2.3 Gas deliquoring phase
315
6.4.2.4 Summary of results and process implications
318
6.5 Example of computer simulation – diaphragm filter press
320
6.5.1 Fixed mass of solids
320
6.5.2 Fixed filter area
325
6.6 Conclusions
328
7 Process design for continuous separations 329
7.1 Continuous filter cycle configurations
330
7.1.1 Horizontal belt filter
330
7.1.2 Rotary drum filter
331
7.1.3 Rotary table and tilting pan filters
332
7.1.4 Rotary disc filter
333
7.2 Design equations for continuous filter cycles
334
7.2.1 Filtration (cake formation) phase
336
7.2.2 Displacement washing
339
7.2.3 Gas deliquoring
341
7.3 Examples of continuous filter cycle calculations
344
7.3.1 Example 7.1: Horizontal belt filter
344
7.3.1.1 Cake formation (filtration) phase
344
7.3.1.2 Washing phase
348
7.3.1.3 Deliquoring phase
351
7.3.1.4 Summary of results and filter cycle illustrations
356
7.3.2 Example 7.2: Rotary drum filter
356
7.3.2.1 Cake formation (filtration) phase
359
7.3.2.2 Rise phase
361
7.3.2.3 Washing phase
366
7.3.2.4 Deliquoring phase
370
7.3.2.5 Summary of results and filter cycle illustrations
371
7.4 Example of computer simulation — belt filter
372
7.4.1 Effects of belt speed
373
7.4.2 Effects of applied vacuum
374
7.4.3 Effects of plant altitude (barometric pressure)
376
7.4.4 Effects of temperature
376
7.4.5 Effects of particle size
380
7.5 Conclusions
382
Nomenclature 383
Bibliography 391
Appendix A: Variable ranges for filter cycle calculations 410
Appendix B: Correlations for cake washing and gas deliquoring 420
Appendix C: Definitions and conversions for concentration 424
Appendix D: Troubleshooting filter operation 429
Appendix E: Comparisons between experimental data and design equation predictions 434
Index 441

An electronic version of this book is available through VitalSource.

This book is viewable on PC, Mac, iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, and most smartphones.

By purchasing, you will be able to view this book online, as well as download it, for the chosen number of days.

Digital License

You are licensing a digital product for a set duration. Durations are set forth in the product description, with "Lifetime" typically meaning five (5) years of online access and permanent download to a supported device. All licenses are non-transferable.

More details can be found here.

A downloadable version of this book is available through the eCampus Reader or compatible Adobe readers.

Applications are available on iOS, Android, PC, Mac, and Windows Mobile platforms.

Please view the compatibility matrix prior to purchase.