Smart Light-Responsive Materials Azobenzene-Containing Polymers and Liquid Crystals

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Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2009-04-06
Publisher(s): Wiley-Interscience
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Summary

This book reviews the cutting-edge significant research in the field of smart light-responsive materials based on azobenzene polymers and liquid crystals. Emphasis is placed on the discovery of new phenomena from the past 5 years, their underlying mechanisms, new functionalities, and properties achieved through rational design. Edited by leading authorities in the field, Zhao and Ikeda, the chapters are authored by an internationally-recognized team of experts from North America, Europe, and Asia. Smart Light-Responsive Materials will serve to catalyze new research that will lead this field over the next 5-10 years.

Author Biography

Yue Zhao, PhD, is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Sherbrooke. With more than 100 publications to his credit, Dr. Zhao's research interests center on the design, synthesis, and applications of new polymer and liquid-crystalline materials. He has worked on specific applications of light-responsive materials, self-assembled materials, and nanostructured materials for liquid crystal displays, controlled drug delivery, and tunable optical devices.

Tomiki Ikeda, PhD, is Professor of Polymer Chemistry at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. Professor Ikeda is a leading authority in light-responsive materials and liquid-crystalline materials. Professor Ikeda's research interests focus on photomobile polymer materials, photodeformable smart materials based on azobenzene liquid-crystalline elastomers, and electroluminescent liquid-crystalline materials. He has more than 400 publications to his credit.

Table of Contents

Prefacep. xiii
Contributorsp. xvii
Azobenzene Polymers for Photonic Applicationsp. 1
Introduction to Azobenzenep. 1
Azobenzene Chromophoresp. 2
Azobenzene Photochemistryp. 4
Classes of Azobenzene Systemsp. 8
PhotoiDduced Motions and Modulationsp. 14
Molecular Motionp. 15
Phot obi ological Experimentsp. 15
Photoorientationp. 18
Domain Motionp. 22
Macroscopic Motionp. 23
Other Applications of Azobenzenesp. 24
Acknowledgmentp. 27
Referencesp. 27
Photo-Induced Phenomena In Supramolecular Azobenzene Materialsp. 47
Introductionp. 47
Photoorientationp. 54
Surface Relief Gratingsp. 68
Conclusion and Outlookp. 82
Referencesp. 84
Photodeformable Materials And Photomechanical Effects Based On Azobenzene-Containing Polymers and Liquid Crystalsp. 95
Introductionp. 95
Photodeformable Materials Based on Azobenzene-Containing Polymer Gelsp. 97
Photodeformable Materials Based on Azobenzene-Containing Solid Filmsp. 100
Photodeformable Materials Based on Azobenzene-Containing LCsp. 106
LCs and LCEsp. 106
General Methods of Preparation of LCEsp. 107
Temperature-/Electricity-/pH-Responsive LCEsp. 110
Photoresponsive Behavior of Chromophore-Containmg LCsp. 114
Light-Responsive LCEsp. 122
Summary and Outlookp. 136
Referencesp. 136
Amorphous Azobenzene Polymers For Light-Induced Surface Patterningp. 145
Surface Mass Transportp. 145
Experimental Observationsp. 146
Patterningp. 151
Dependence on Material Propertiesp. 152
Photosofteningp. 154
Photomechanical Effectsp. 155
Measuring Gratingsp. 156
Dynamicsp. 158
Mechanismp. 159
Thermal Considerationsp. 160
Asymmetric Diffusionp. 161
Mean-Field Theoryp. 161
Permittivity Gradient Theoryp. 162
Gradient Electric Forcep. 162
Isomerization Pressurep. 163
Applications of Surface Mass Transportp. 165
Conclusionsp. 166
Acknowledgmentp. 167
Referencesp. 167
Azo Polymer Colloidal Spheres: Formation, Two-Dimensional Array, and Photoresponsive Propertiesp. 177
Introductionp. 177
Azo Polymer Synthesisp. 179
Self-Assembly of Polydispersed Amphiphilic Azo Polymers in Solutionsp. 182
Characteristics of Polydispersed Azo Polymer Self-Assemblyp. 183
Colloidal Sphere Formation and Characterizationp. 184
Colloidal Sphere Formation Mechanismp. 188
Hybrid Colloids Composed of Two Types of Amphiphilic Azo Polymersp. 190
Photoresponsive Properties of Azo Polymer Colloidal Spheresp. 192
Deformation Induced by Interfering Ar+ Laser Beamsp. 192
Deformation Induced by a Single Ar+ Laser Beamp. 195
Photoresponsive Porperties of Hybrid Colloidsp. 198
Photoresponsive 2-D Colloidal Array and Its in situ Structure Inversionp. 202
Colloidal Array and Photoinduced Dichroismp. 202
Porous Structure from in situ Colloidal Array Structure Inversionp. 205
Closing Remarksp. 208
Referencesp. 208
Azobenzene-Containing Block Copolymer Micelles: Toward Light-Controllable Nanocarriersp. 215
What is the Use of Light-Controllable Polymer Micelles?p. 215
How to Design Azobenzene Block Copolymers for Light-Controllable Micelles?p. 218
Synthesis of Azobenzene-Containing Amphophilic Block Copolymersp. 221
Reversible Dissociation and Formation of Azobenzene Block Copolymer Micellesp. 223
Factors Influencing the Reversible Dissociation and Formation Processesp. 226
Effect of Solution Stirringp. 227
Effect of Irradiation Light Intensityp. 229
Effects of Solvent and Block Copolymer Compositionp. 231
Other Light-Responsive Azobenzene-Based Polymer Micellesp. 234
Perspectives and Future Workp. 237
Acknowledgmentsp. 239
Referencesp. 239
Association Between Azobenzene-Modified Polymers And Surfactants Or Nanoparticles To Amplify Macroscopic Phototransitions In Solutionp. 243
Light Responsiveness of Solution Properties: A Question of Amplificationp. 243
From Cloud Point to Associative Phase Separation of Photopolymersp. 245
Polymers in Poor Solvents or at Low Critical Solubility Temperaturep. 246
Complexation and Solubility of Chainsp. 249
Associative Phase Separationp. 251
Intrachain Association with Colloid Particles: Photorecognitionp. 254
Complexes with Protein and Micelles in the Dilute Regimep. 255
Sol-Gel Transition in Semidilute Conditionsp. 260
Complexes on Disperse Interfaces: Photoreversible Emulsionsp. 265
Conclusionp. 267
Acknowledgmentsp. 268
Referencesp. 268
Light-Responsivep. 2-D Motions
Introductionp. 273
Alignment of Functional Materials by Command Surfacep. 274
Photoalignment of Polymer Main Chain of Polysilanep. 274
Surfactant-Silica Nanohybridsp. 275
Photoalignment of Chromonic LC-Silica Nanohybridp. 277
Surface-Grafted Az-Containing LC Polymerp. 280
Photogenerated Mass Migrationsp. 282
Conventional Typep. 282
Phase Transition Typep. 284
On the Migration Features of the PT Typep. 284
Extended Studies in the PT-Type Mass Migrationp. 285
Photoresponsive LC Block Copolymer Systemsp. 291
Monolayer Systemsp. 291
Photocontrolled Macroscopic Alignment of MPS Structuresp. 292
Micropatterning of MPS Structure in the Hierarchical Structurep. 296
Conclusion and Scopep. 297
Referencesp. 298
Photoinduced Immobilization Of Molecules On The Surface Of Azobenzene Polymers: Principles and Applicationp. 303
Introductionp. 303
Background Study: Nanofabricationp. 306
Principles of Photoinduced Immobilizationp. 308
Application for Immunochipsp. 314
Immobilization Depending on the Azobenzene Moietyp. 316
Two-Dimensional Arrangement and Area-Selective Immobilization of Microspheresp. 321
Summaryp. 324
Referencesp. 325
Phototuning Of Helical Structure Of Cholesteric Liquid Crystalsp. 329
Introductionp. 329
Properties and Design of Chiral Azobenzenesp. 331
Effect of Spacer Lengthp. 331
Effects of Molecular Shapep. 335
Effects of Chiral Groups on Photochemical Change in HTPp. 339
Applicationsp. 346
Photochemical Switching of Selective Reflectionp. 347
Control of Transparencyp. 348
Photochemical Inversion of Helixp. 349
Photochemical Control of Lasingp. 353
Conclusionp. 358
Referencesp. 358
Tunable Diffraction Gratings Based On Azobenzene Polymers and Liquid Crystalsp. 363
Diffraction Gratings Can Easily Be Recorded on Azobenzene-Containing Polymers and Liquid Crystalsp. 363
What are Tunable Diffraction Gratings?p. 365
Mechanically Tunable Diffraction Gratingsp. 365
Preparation of Azobenzene Thermoplastic Elastomersp. 367
Coupled Mechanical and Optical Effectsp. 369
Elastic Diffraction Gratings Recorded Using a Photomaskp. 372
Grating Formation Dynamics and Mechanismsp. 376
Electrically Tunable Diffraction Gratingsp. 381
Use of Liquid Crystalsp. 381
Grating Formation in Photosensitive Self-Assembled Liquid Crystal Gelsp. 382
Electrical Switchingp. 387
Optically Tunable Diffraction Gratingsp. 389
Dynamic Holographic Gratingsp. 389
Optically Tunable Diffraction Gratings in Polymer-Stabilized Liquid Crystalsp. 391
Optically Switchable Reflection Gratingsp. 400
Concluding Remarks and Perspectivesp. 404
Acknowledgmentsp. 406
Referencesp. 406
Azo Block Copolymers In The Solid Statep. 411
Introductionp. 411
Preparation Methodp. 413
Direct Polymerization of Azo Monomersp. 413
Polymer Analogue Reactionp. 415
Supramolecular Self-Assemblyp. 417
Special Reactionsp. 419
Propertiesp. 419
Basic Propertiesp. 419
Properties from Non-Azo Blocksp. 423
Properties Originating from Microphase Separationp. 424
Control of Microphase Separationp. 426
Thermal Annealingp. 427
Rubbing Methodp. 429
Photoalignmentp. 433
Electric Fieldp. 435
Magnetic Fieldp. 436
Shearing Flow and Other Methodsp. 437
Applicationsp. 438
Enhancement of Surface Relief Gratingsp. 438
Enhancement of Refractive Index Modulationp. 441
Nanotemplatesp. 441
Volume Storagep. 447
Other Applicationsp. 448
Outlookp. 448
Referencesp. 450
Photoresponsive Hybrid Silica Materials Containing Azobenzene Ligandsp. 457
Introductionp. 457
Azobenzene-Containing Organosilanesp. 458
Synthesis and Photoisomerization of TSUA and BSUAp. 459
Crystallography of the TSUA Compoundp. 460
Self-Directed Self-Assembly of the BSUA Compoundp. 462
Photoresponsive Mesoporous Materialsp. 464
Synthesis and Characterization of Photoresponsive Nanoporous Materialsp. 466
Photoisomerization of Azobenzene Ligands in Mesoporous Materialsp. 473
Photoswitched Azobenzene Nanovalvesp. 479
Photocontrolled Release of Dye Molecules from Azobenzene-Modified Nanocomposite Particlesp. 489
Reversible Photoswitching Li quid-Ad sorption of Azobenzene-Modified Mesoporous Silica Materialsp. 491
Photoresponsive Polysilsesquioxane Gelsp. 493
Azobenzene-Modified Polysilsesquioxanes for Photocontrol of Refractive Indexp. 493
Azobenzene-Modified Polysilsesquioxane Gels for Optomechanical Devicesp. 494
Future Workp. 503
Referencesp. 504
Indexp. 509
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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