Other versions by this Author
| Dedication | p. iii |
| Acknowledgments | p. v |
| Preface | p. vii |
| The Police in American Society | p. 1 |
| The Government Structure and Policing | p. 4 |
| Constitutional Government | p. 5 |
| Separation of Powers | p. 7 |
| Principles of Federalism | p. 8 |
| Police and the Law | p. 9 |
| Police in the Criminal Justice System | p. 11 |
| The Roles and Functions of Police in Modern Society | p. 15 |
| Roles Performed by the Police | p. 17 |
| Police Activities | p. 20 |
| Types of Police Departments | p. 22 |
| The Diversity of the Police Establishment | p. 24 |
| Federal Law Enforcement Agencies | p. 25 |
| Justice Department Agencies | p. 27 |
| Treasury Department Agencies | p. 35 |
| Miscellaneous Federal Law Enforcement Agencies | p. 40 |
| State Law Enforcement Agencies | p. 41 |
| State Police and Highway Patrols | p. 43 |
| Limited-Purpose Law Enforcement Agencies | p. 44 |
| Local Law Enforcement Agencies | p. 48 |
| Summary | p. 51 |
| References | p. 51 |
| Historical Perspectives | p. 55 |
| An Overview of Policing in Ancient Times | p. 56 |
| The Birth of Civilization in Mesopotamia | p. 57 |
| Civilization in Ancient Egypt | p. 58 |
| The Rise of Greek City-States | p. 60 |
| The Roman Empire's Contribution to Policing | p. 61 |
| Police Development in England | p. 63 |
| Medieval England | p. 64 |
| Early English Law Enforcement | p. 65 |
| The English Reformers | p. 67 |
| American Policing in Retrospect | p. 74 |
| Early American Policing | p. 75 |
| Policing America: The Modern Era | p. 81 |
| The Political Entrenchment Phase | p. 81 |
| The Reform Efforts | p. 84 |
| Professional Policing Comes to America | p. 88 |
| Public and Community Relations Return to Policing | p. 91 |
| Summary | p. 95 |
| References | p. 95 |
| Personnel Systems | p. 101 |
| Toward a Theory of Police Selection | p. 103 |
| Affirmative Action and Police Selection | p. 103 |
| Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act | p. 104 |
| The Supreme Court: Lessening Title VII Requirements | p. 107 |
| Minorities in Policing | p. 108 |
| Women in Policing | p. 111 |
| Recruiting Police Officers | p. 117 |
| Establishing Minimum Selection Standards | p. 119 |
| The Written Test | p. 132 |
| The Oral Interview Board | p. 133 |
| The Assessment Center | p. 134 |
| Training Police Officers | p. 136 |
| Basic Training | p. 137 |
| Field Training Officer (FTO) Programs | p. 141 |
| In-Service Training | p. 146 |
| Police Officer Career Development | p. 148 |
| Impact of Race and Gender on Police Officer Careers | p. 151 |
| Summary | p. 152 |
| References | p. 152 |
| Organization and Management | p. 159 |
| The Specifics of Police Administration: POSDCORB | p. 160 |
| Levels of Administration and Supervision | p. 161 |
| Principles of Organization and Police Administration | p. 164 |
| Classical Organizational Principles | p. 164 |
| Problems with Classical Organizational Principles and Traditional Police Administration | p. 171 |
| Human Relations Organizational Theory | p. 172 |
| The Hawthorne Studies | p. 173 |
| McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y | p. 173 |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | p. 175 |
| Human Relations Theory and Police Administration | p. 176 |
| Participative Management | p. 176 |
| Systems Theory and Police Administration | p. 179 |
| Open Systems versus Closed Systems | p. 179 |
| Organizations as Systems | p. 182 |
| Systems Theory and Policing | p. 183 |
| Management by Objectives (MBO) | p. 184 |
| Contingency Management | p. 186 |
| Total Quality Management | p. 187 |
| Summary | p. 191 |
| References | p. 192 |
| Police Operations | p. 195 |
| Allocating Police Personnel | p. 197 |
| Police Patrol | p. 197 |
| Deploying Patrol Personnel | p. 200 |
| Methods and Techniques of Patrol | p. 202 |
| Foot Patrol | p. 203 |
| Horse Patrol | p. 206 |
| Bicycle Patrol | p. 207 |
| Aircraft Patrol | p. 209 |
| Watercraft Patrol | p. 210 |
| Police Patrol Strategies | p. 211 |
| Routine Preventive Patrol | p. 212 |
| Maximizing Resources for Directed Patrol | p. 213 |
| Directed Patrol | p. 216 |
| Criminal Investigations | p. 222 |
| Investigations: A Historical Perspective | p. 223 |
| The Detective as Secretive Rogue | p. 223 |
| The Detective as Inquisitor | p. 224 |
| The Detective as Bureaucrat | p. 224 |
| The Investigation Process | p. 226 |
| Preliminary Investigations | p. 227 |
| Follow-Up or Latent Investigations | p. 228 |
| Research on the Effectiveness of Investigations | p. 229 |
| The Traffic Function | p. 232 |
| The Police and the Traffic Function | p. 232 |
| Driving Under the Influence Enforcement | p. 236 |
| Police Paramilitary Units | p. 238 |
| Distinguishing Police Paramilitary Units from Regular Police | p. 238 |
| Summary | p. 241 |
| References | p. 242 |
| Police Discretion | p. 247 |
| The Nature of Police Discretion | p. 250 |
| Administrative Discretion | p. 251 |
| Enforcement Discretion | p. 254 |
| The Police Decision-Making Process | p. 256 |
| The Decision to Invoke the Criminal Justice Process | p. 256 |
| Offender Variables | p. 256 |
| Situation Variables | p. 259 |
| System Variables | p. 260 |
| Discretionary Situations in Law Enforcement | p. 261 |
| Domestic Violence | p. 262 |
| Vice Crimes | p. 266 |
| Prostitution | p. 269 |
| Pornography | p. 271 |
| Gambling | p. 273 |
| The Investigation of Vice | p. 274 |
| Policing Hate Crimes | p. 276 |
| Disenfranchised Populations | p. 279 |
| Controlling Police Discretion | p. 282 |
| Understanding the Need for Control Mechanisms | p. 283 |
| Internal Control Mechanisms | p. 284 |
| External Control Mechanisms | p. 287 |
| Control by the Citizens | p. 287 |
| Legislative Control | p. 289 |
| Control by the Courts | p. 292 |
| Summary | p. 292 |
| References | p. 293 |
| Police Use of Force | p. 299 |
| The Meaning of Excessive Force | p. 302 |
| Tennessee v. Garner | p. 303 |
| Patterns of Police Use of Force | p. 304 |
| Controlling Police Discretion in Use of Force Situations | p. 305 |
| Use of Force Continuum | p. 306 |
| Use of Force Policy Considerations | p. 308 |
| Use of Force by Off-Duty Police Officers | p. 312 |
| Early Warning Systems to Identify Problem Officers | p. 313 |
| Less-Than-Lethal Force | p. 314 |
| Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Spray | p. 315 |
| Net-Widening and Use of Force | p. 317 |
| Assaults Against Police Officers | p. 319 |
| Suicide by Cop | p. 321 |
| Summary | p. 323 |
| References | p. 324 |
| Police Culture and Behavior | p. 327 |
| The Psychological Perspective | p. 328 |
| The Sociological Perspective | p. 330 |
| Types of Police Officers | p. 331 |
| The Anthropological Perspective | p. 334 |
| The Police Subculture | p. 335 |
| The Law and Police Culture | p. 336 |
| The Police World View | p. 337 |
| Police Ethos | p. 339 |
| Police Themes | p. 343 |
| Police Postulates | p. 345 |
| Subculture of Violence | p. 347 |
| Police Stress | p. 349 |
| Sources of Police Stress | p. 351 |
| Effects of Police Stress | p. 354 |
| Police Suicide | p. 355 |
| Alcoholism and Drug Abuse | p. 358 |
| Mortality and Health Problems | p. 359 |
| Reducing Police Stress | p. 360 |
| Summary | p. 361 |
| References | p. 363 |
| Ethics and Deviance | p. 369 |
| Sources of Ethics | p. 372 |
| Justice | p. 372 |
| Law | p. 373 |
| Agency Policy | p. 375 |
| Professional Code of Ethics | p. 376 |
| Social Norms and Personal Values | p. 378 |
| A Conflict of Values | p. 380 |
| Crime, Corruption, Abuse, and Illegal Behavior | p. 380 |
| Police Crime | p. 381 |
| Abuse of Authority | p. 382 |
| Occupational Deviance | p. 383 |
| Corruption | p. 384 |
| Bribery | p. 385 |
| Extortion | p. 385 |
| Narcotics Violations | p. 386 |
| The Scope and Forms Police Corruption | p. 390 |
| Deviant Behavior | p. 394 |
| Alcohol and Other Drugs of Abuse | p. 395 |
| Sexual Misconduct | p. 397 |
| Police Sexual Violence | p. 402 |
| Driving While Black | p. 402 |
| Gratuities | p. 405 |
| Goldbricking versus Quotas | p. 407 |
| Summary | p. 409 |
| References | p. 410 |
| Civil Liability | p. 415 |
| The Incidence of Civil Suits | p. 416 |
| The Cost of Civil Liability | p. 418 |
| Litigants in Liability Cases | p. 420 |
| Police Civil Liability and Tort Law | p. 421 |
| Strict Tort Liability | p. 422 |
| Intentional Torts | p. 422 |
| Wrongful Death | p. 423 |
| Assault and Battery | p. 424 |
| False Arrest and Imprisonment | p. 425 |
| Negligence | p. 427 |
| Legal Duty | p. 428 |
| Breach of Duty | p. 429 |
| Proximate Cause | p. 429 |
| Damage or Injury | p. 430 |
| Common Claims of Police Negligence | p. 431 |
| Negligent Operation of Emergency Vehicles | p. 431 |
| Negligent Failure to Protect | p. 431 |
| Negligent Failure to Arrest | p. 431 |
| Negligent Failure to Render Assistance | p. 432 |
| Negligent Selection, Hiring and Retention | p. 432 |
| Negligent Police Supervision and Direction | p. 432 |
| Negligent Entrustment and Assignment | p. 433 |
| Negligent Failure to Discipline and Investigate | p. 433 |
| Defenses to Claims of Police Negligence | p. 433 |
| Contributory Negligence | p. 433 |
| Comparative Negligence | p. 434 |
| Assumption of Risk | p. 434 |
| Police Liability Under Federal Law | p. 435 |
| Acting Under Color of State Law | p. 436 |
| Violation of a Constitutional Right | p. 437 |
| Defenses to Section 1983 Lawsuits | p. 440 |
| Absolute Immunity | p. 440 |
| Qualified Immunity | p. 440 |
| Probable Cause | p. 441 |
| Good Faith | p. 441 |
| Preventing Liability | p. 442 |
| Summary | p. 443 |
| References | p. 443 |
| The Police in the Modern Community | p. 445 |
| An Overview of Public Perceptions of the Police | p. 448 |
| Public Attitudes Toward the Police | p. 450 |
| Individual-Level Variables | p. 450 |
| Police-Community Relations | p. 453 |
| Toward a Theory of Police-Community Relations | p. 453 |
| Crime Prevention | p. 457 |
| The Theory of Crime Prevention | p. 458 |
| Primary Crime Prevention Techniques and Programs | p. 460 |
| Juvenile Curfews | p. 470 |
| Private Security | p. 471 |
| Community Policing | p. 473 |
| The Philosophical Dimension | p. 476 |
| The Strategic Dimension | p. 478 |
| The Programmatic Dimension | p. 481 |
| Management Issues | p. 484 |
| Operational Examples | p. 486 |
| Summary | p. 487 |
| References | p. 488 |
| Policing the Drug Problem | p. 493 |
| The Nature and Extent of the Drug Problem | p. 494 |
| Drugs and Crime | p. 496 |
| The Nation's Drug Strategy | p. 499 |
| Interdiction | p. 499 |
| Drug Prevention Programs | p. 503 |
| Drug Treatment | p. 507 |
| The Illegal Drug Delivery System | p. 510 |
| Criminal Organizations | p. 510 |
| Drug Enforcement Techniques and Programs | p. 518 |
| Attacking High-Level Distributors | p. 519 |
| Drug Enforcement at the Retail Level | p. 523 |
| Community Policing and Drugs | p. 534 |
| Summary | p. 539 |
| References | p. 540 |
| The Future of Policing | p. 545 |
| Predictions for the Future | p. 547 |
| Police Roles and Functions | p. 548 |
| Political and Legal Change | p. 551 |
| Technology and the Police | p. 552 |
| Managing Information and Communication with Enhanced Technology | p. 553 |
| Communications | p. 553 |
| Computers, Communication, and Information | p. 554 |
| Police Information Systems | p. 559 |
| Technology for Field Operations | p. 562 |
| Automated Traffic Enforcement | p. 562 |
| Video and Digital Recording | p. 563 |
| Investigation and Crime Scene Technology | p. 565 |
| Summary | p. 567 |
| References | p. 567 |
| Glossary | p. 571 |
| Name Index | p. 585 |
| Subject Index | p. 597 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
Policing in America
by Gaines, Larry K.; Kappeter, Victor E.; Vaughn, Joseph B.; Kappeler, Victor E.Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 1996-07-01
Publisher(s): Anderson Pub Co
List Price: $43.95
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