Police Administration : Structures, Processes, and Behavior,9780130285737

Police Administration : Structures, Processes, and Behavior

by ; ;
Edition: 5th
ISBN13: 9780130285737
ISBN10: 0130285730
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2001-01-01
Publisher(s): Prentice Hall
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Summary

"The best-selling, most comprehensive text available for police administration and management, Police Administration: Structures, Processes, and Behavior, 7th edition, presents a carefully researched and vivid introduction to police organizations that focuses on the procedures, politics, and human relations issues that law enforcement managers and administrators must understand in order to succeed. Representing the collective experience of the authors' decades of experience in law enforcement, training, and teaching, Police Administration is recognized by both the academic and law enforcement communities as the authoritative treatment of this important topic."--BOOK JACKET.

Table of Contents

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
The Evolution of American Policing
1(17)
Introduction
1(1)
Politics and Administration
2(1)
Police Professionalization
3(4)
The Impact of Education
7(2)
Research on Traditional Policing
9(6)
The Kansas City Patrol Experiment
10(1)
The RAND Criminal Investigation Study
11(2)
Team Policing
13(2)
Summary
15(1)
Discussion Questions
15(1)
Notes
15(3)
Community Policing
18(48)
Introduction
18(14)
Newport News, Virginia
21(3)
Madison, Wisconsin
24(2)
Chicago, Illinois
26(6)
Community Policing and the Crime Bill of 1994
32(1)
Community Policing and New Information Technologies
32(19)
Crime Analysis
32(5)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
37(5)
Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems
42(5)
Fax Machines, Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs), and the Internet
47(3)
The Impact of New Technologies
50(1)
Problems with Community Policing
51(10)
Summary
61(1)
Discussion Questions
62(1)
Notes
62(4)
Politics and Police Administration: External Influences and Controls
66(56)
Introduction
66(1)
Police Accountability
67(14)
Federal Influence in Law Enforcement
67(2)
Supreme Court Decisions Affecting Law Enforcement: 1961 to 1966
69(1)
More Recent Supreme Court Decisions
70(1)
Age-Old Problems in Policing: Brutality and Scandal
71(4)
Training and Police Ethics
75(4)
Commission on Accrediation for Law Enforcement Agencies
79(2)
The Roles of State and Local Government in Law Enforcement
81(2)
Local Political Forces
83(4)
Strong Mayor
84(1)
City Manager
84(1)
City Councils
85(2)
Politics and the Police Chief
87(1)
The Police Chief and External Incidents
87(4)
Tenure and Contracts for Police Chiefs
91(3)
Future Trends
92(2)
Politics and the County Sheriff
94(4)
The Sheriff's Role
94(4)
State Prosecutor
98(2)
The Judiciary
100(2)
Citizen Involvement
102(4)
Chambers of Commerce and Service Clubs
103(1)
Churches
104(2)
News Media
106(4)
Political Violence and Terrorism
110(6)
Defining Terrorism
111(1)
Middle East Conflict
112(1)
Other International Threats
113(1)
Right-Wing Extremism
114(2)
School Violence
116(2)
Summary
118(1)
Discussion Questions
119(1)
Notes
119(3)
Organizational Theory
122(55)
Introduction
122(2)
Traditional Organizational Theory
124(12)
Taylor: Scientific Management
124(3)
Weber: The Bureaucratic Model
127(5)
Administrative Theory
132(2)
Critique of Traditional Theory
134(2)
Open Systems Theory
136(30)
Human Relations
136(8)
Behavioral System Theory
144(10)
Organizations as Open Systems
154(5)
The New Paradigms of Administration
159(5)
Critique of Open Systems Theory
164(2)
Bridging Theories
166(4)
General Bridging Theories
167(1)
Contingency Theory
168(2)
Critique of Bridging Theories
170(1)
Synthesis and Prognosis
170(1)
Summary
171(1)
Discussion Questions
172(1)
Notes
172(5)
Concepts of Police Organizational Design
177(32)
Introduction
177(1)
Organizing: An Overview
177(5)
Specialization in Police Agencies
177(4)
Hierarchy: Spans of Control and Grades of Authority
181(1)
Organizational Structure and Design
182(8)
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Approaches
184(1)
Flat Versus Tall Structure
185(5)
Types of Organizational Design
190(6)
Line Structure
190(1)
Line and Staff Structure
191(2)
Functional Structure
193(2)
Matrix Structure
195(1)
Organizational Structure and Community Policing
196(7)
Decentralization Versus Centralization
196(1)
Community Policing Units Versus Departmental Philosophy
197(4)
Traditional Design Versus Structural Change
201(2)
Line and Staff Relationships in Police Agencies
203(3)
The Line Point of View
203(1)
The Staff Viewpoint
204(1)
Solutions
204(2)
Summary
206(1)
Discussion Questions
206(1)
Notes
207(2)
Leadership
209(36)
Introduction
209(1)
Leadership and Performance
209(3)
The Nature of Leadership, Authority, and Power
212(1)
The Power Motivation of Police Managers
213(2)
The Leadership Skill Mix
215(2)
Human Relations Skills
215(1)
Conceptual Skills
216(1)
Technical Skills
217(1)
Theories of Leadership
217(1)
Styles of Leadership
218(20)
Lewin, Lippitt, and White: Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-faire
219(1)
Tannenbaum and Schmidt: The Authoritarian-Democratic Leadership Continuum
220(1)
Downs: Leadership Styles in Bureaucratic Structures
221(1)
Van Maanen: Station House Sergeants and Street Sergeants
222(1)
Blake and Mouton: The Managerial Grid
222(2)
Hersey and Blanchard: Situational Leadership Theory
224(2)
Transactional and Transformational Leaders
226(6)
Total Quality Leadership
232(6)
The Leader and Conflict
238(1)
Leadership and Organizational Control
239(1)
Summary
240(1)
Discussion Questions
241(1)
Notes
241(4)
Organizational and Interpersonal Communication
245(35)
Introduction
245(1)
The Communication Process
245(3)
General Observations Relative to the Content of the Message and its Appeal
247(1)
Communication Barriers
248(1)
Organizational Communication
249(7)
Downward Communication
250(1)
Upward Communication
250(2)
Horizontal Communication
252(1)
The Grapevine
253(1)
Communication Network Analysis
254(2)
Interpersonal Styles of Communication: The Johari Window
256(6)
Basic Interpersonal Styles of Communication
259(2)
Police Managers and Interpersonal Styles of Communication
261(1)
Cross-Gender Communications
262(4)
Cross-Cultural Diversity in Communication
266(7)
Cross-Cultural Training
270(1)
Overcoming Barriers to Cross-Cultural Communication
271(2)
Oral or Written Communication
273(4)
Suiting the Medium to the Recipient
273(1)
Written Communication
273(2)
Oral Communication
275(1)
Electronic Media
275(2)
Summary
277(1)
Discussion Questions
278(1)
Notes
278(2)
Human Resource Management
280(62)
Introduction
280(1)
Functions of the Human Resource Management Unit
281(1)
Police Personnel Selection and the Americans with Disabilities Act
282(7)
The Courts and the ADA
286(3)
The Police Personnel Selection Process
289(9)
The Initial Application
289(2)
The Entrance Examination: The Written Test and/or Assessment Center
291(2)
``Reverse Discrimination''
293(1)
Physical Ability Testing
294(2)
The Polygraph Test in Preemployment Screening
296(1)
The Character Investigation
296(1)
Oral Interviews and Oral Boards
297(1)
Medical and Psychological Testing of Police Applicants
298(1)
The Recruit Academy, Probationary Period, and Career Status
298(2)
College Education for Police Officers
300(5)
Opposition to Higher Education
303(1)
Questions to be Answered
304(1)
Women in Policing
305(5)
The Fair Labor Standards Act
310(1)
The Family Medical Leave Act
311(1)
Performance Evaluation
312(1)
Purpose of Evaluation
312(1)
Salary Administration
313(3)
Salary Schedule
314(2)
Assessment Centers
316(4)
Historical Development of Assessment Centers
317(1)
Development of Simulation Exercises
317(2)
Advantages of the Assessment Center
319(1)
Assessors
320(1)
Recovering the Cost of Training Police Officers
320(1)
Employing Civilians in Police Work
321(3)
The Administration of Discipline
324(4)
System of Discipline
324(2)
Profile of Violence-Prone Police Officers
326(2)
The Internal Affairs Unit
328(5)
Time Limits
329(1)
Investigations by Line Supervisors
329(1)
Proactive Enforcement Operations
330(1)
Investigations by Another Agency
330(1)
Use of the Polygraph or Voice Stress Detection Equipment
331(1)
Chemical Tests
331(1)
Photo and Physical Lineups
332(1)
Financial Records
333(1)
Use of Covert Collection Techniques
333(1)
Retirement Counseling
333(4)
Psychological Impact
333(1)
Family Impact
334(1)
Planning
335(2)
Summary
337(1)
Discussion Questions
338(1)
Notes
339(3)
Stress and Police Personnel
342(50)
Introduction
342(1)
What Is Stress?
342(3)
Biological Stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome
343(1)
Psychological Stress
344(1)
Reactions to Stress
344(1)
Stress in Law Enforcement
345(1)
Job Stress in Police Officers
345(1)
Police Stressors
346(2)
Alcoholism and Police Officers
348(3)
Departmental Programs
350(1)
Drug Use by Police Officers
351(8)
Anabolic Steroids
352(5)
Anabolic Steroids: The Legal Environment
357(1)
Administrative Concerns and Anabolic Steroids
358(1)
Police Suicide
359(6)
Why Officers Commit Suicide
362(2)
Recognizing the Warning Signs
364(1)
Suicide by Cop
365(2)
Profile of a Suicide by Cop
366(1)
Indicators of a Potential SbC
366(1)
Police Officers as Victims
367(1)
Critical Incident Stress
367(4)
Stress and the Female Police Officers
371(3)
Studies of Male and Female Officers
372(1)
Female Law Enforcement Officer Stress Today
373(1)
Findings
373(1)
Police Domestic Violence
374(9)
Early Warning and Intervention
379(1)
Zero Tolerance Policy
379(1)
Department Responsibilities
379(1)
Supervisor Responsibilities
380(1)
Police Officer Responsibilities
381(1)
Incident Response Protocols
381(2)
Responding to Stress
383(4)
The Officer's Responsibility
383(1)
Employee Assistance Programs
384(3)
Summary
387(1)
Discussion Questions
387(1)
Notes
388(4)
Labor Relations
392(45)
Introduction
392(1)
The Unionization of the Police
392(3)
The Needs of Labor Organizations
392(1)
The Reduction of Legal Barriers
392(1)
Police Frustration with Support for the War on Crime
393(1)
Personnel Practices
393(1)
Salaries and Benefits
394(1)
Violence Directed at the Police
394(1)
The Success of Other Groups
394(1)
The Impact of Unions
395(3)
The Basis for Collective Bargaining
398(3)
The Binding Arbitration Model
398(1)
The Meet-and-Confer Model
399(1)
The ``Bargaining Not Required'' Model
400(1)
Closed, Open, and Agency Shops
400(1)
Employee Organizations
401(5)
Industrial Unions as the Parent Organization
401(3)
Independent Police Associations
404(1)
Other Police Organizations
405(1)
Establishing the Bargaining Relationship
406(4)
The Process
406(2)
The Opportunity for Conflict
408(2)
Negotiations
410(9)
Selection of the Management and Union Teams
410(2)
The Scope of Bargaining
412(1)
Preparing for Negotiations
412(1)
The Negotiating Sessions
413(3)
Bargaining Impasse Resolution
416(3)
Grievances
419(4)
Why Grievances Are Inevitable
419(1)
The Definition of a Grievance
420(1)
The Grievance Procedure
421(1)
Arbitration Issues and Decision Making
422(1)
Job Action
423(5)
The Vote of Confidence
423(1)
Work Slowdowns
424(1)
Work Speedups
425(1)
Work Stoppages
425(2)
Police Unions: The Political Context
427(1)
The Use of Surveillance in the Labor-Management Relationship
428(1)
Administrative Reaction to Job Actions
429(3)
Anticipatory Strategies
429(1)
During the Job Action
430(2)
In the Aftermath
432(1)
Summary
432(1)
Discussion Questions
433(1)
Notes
434(3)
Legal Aspects of Police Administration
437(70)
Introduction
437(1)
Liability for Police Conduct
437(1)
Basic Types of Police Tort Actions
438(3)
Negligence Torts
438(1)
Intenational Torts
438(1)
Constitutional Torts
439(1)
Title 42, U.S. Code, Section 1983
439(1)
Bivens Action
440(1)
Who Can Be Sued?
441(5)
Scope of Liability
446(3)
Immunities
449(1)
Trends in Tort Liability for Police Supervisors and Administrators
449(3)
Administrative Discipline: Due Process for Police Officers
452(4)
Liberty and Property Rights of Police Officers
452(4)
Damages and Remedies
456(1)
Constitutional Rights of Police Officers
456(4)
Free Speech
456(1)
Other First Amendment Rights
457(3)
Searches and Seizures
460(2)
Right Against Self-Incrimination
462(2)
Other Grounds for Disciplinary Action
464(2)
Conduct Unbecoming an Officer
464(1)
Sexual Conduct
465(1)
Residency Requirements
466(1)
Religious Belief or Pratice
467(1)
Moonlighting
467(2)
Misuse of Firearms and Deadly Force
469(6)
Tennessee versus Garner, 1985
470(1)
Evaluation of Written Directives
471(2)
Familiarization with the Department's Policy
473(2)
Police Liability and High-Speed Pursuit
475(4)
Duty Owed
475(1)
Proximate Cause
476(1)
Federal Civil Rights Act
476(1)
Factors Determining Liability
477(1)
Departmental Responsibility for Liability Reduction
478(1)
Testing in the Work Environment
479(3)
Alcohol and Drug Testing
479(3)
Terms and Conditions of Employment
482(1)
Wage and Hour Regulations
482(1)
Age-Based Hiring and Retirement Policies
483(1)
Sexual Harassment
483(10)
Sexual Harassment: A Definition
484(1)
Sexual Harassment: Theories of Liability
485(3)
Grounds for Sexual Harassment Claims
488(1)
Liability for Sexual Harassment
489(4)
Prevention of Workplace Harassment
493(2)
Policy Development
493(1)
Training
494(1)
Supervision
494(1)
Complaint Procedure
494(1)
Employee Responsibilities
494(1)
Summary
495(2)
Discussion Questions
497(1)
Notes
497(10)
Planning and Decision Making
507(51)
Introduction
507(1)
Planning
508(1)
Definitions of Planning
508(1)
Planning Approaches
509(11)
Synoptic Planning
509(10)
Incremental Planning
519(1)
Transactive Planning
520(1)
Advocacy Planning
520(1)
Radical Planning
520(1)
Types of Plans
520(2)
Effective Plans
522(1)
Planning and Decision Making
523(1)
Decision Making
523(6)
The Rational Model
523(2)
The Incremental Model
525(1)
The Heuristic Model
526(1)
Alternative Decision-Making Models
527(2)
Decision Making During Crisis Incidents
529(12)
The Branch Davidians, Waco, Texas (1993)
529(3)
The Weaver Family, Ruby Ridge, Idaho (1992)
532(1)
MOVE in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1985)
533(2)
Analyses of Decisions During Crisis Events
535(2)
Crisis Events in the Future
537(4)
Group Decision Making
541(6)
Group Assets
541(2)
Group Liabilities
543(1)
Factors That Can Serve as Assets or Liabilities
544(2)
Brainstorming
546(1)
Personality Characteristics of Decision Making
547(2)
Ideology versus Power Orientation
547(1)
Emotionality versus Objectivity
548(1)
Creativity versus Common Sense
548(1)
Action Orientation versus Contemplation
549(1)
Impact of Personality Traits on Decision Making
549(1)
Common Errors in Decision Making
549(2)
Cognitive Nearsightedness
549(1)
Assumption That the Future Will Repeat Itself
550(1)
Oversimplification
550(1)
Overreliance on One's Own Experience
550(1)
Preconceived Notions
550(1)
Unwillingness to Experiment
551(1)
Reluctance to Decide
551(1)
Summary
551(1)
Discussion Questions
552(1)
Notes
552(4)
Appendix: Anchorage Police Department Policy Statement
556(2)
Financial Management
558(43)
Introduction
558(2)
Politics and Financial Management
560(2)
State and Local Financial Management
562(1)
The States' Role in Local Finance
562(1)
Local Administration
562(1)
Definitions of a Budget
563(1)
The Budget Cycle and Roles
564(12)
Budget Preparation
565(3)
Budget Approval
568(3)
Budget Execution
571(4)
The Audit
575(1)
Budget Formats
576(15)
The Line-Item or Object-of-Expenditure Budget
578(3)
The Performance Budget
581(1)
The Planning-Programming Budgeting System (PPBS)
582(2)
The Programmatic or Results Budget
584(1)
Zero-Based Budgets
585(6)
Hybrid Budgets
591(1)
Strategies for Supplementing the Police Budget
591(5)
Federal and General Foundation Grants
591(2)
Donation and Fund-Raising Programs
593(1)
Forfeiture Laws
593(2)
User Fees and Police Taxes
595(1)
Internal Revenue Service Rewards and Reimbursements
596(1)
Summary
596(1)
Discussion Questions
597(1)
Notes
597(4)
Productivity, Quality, and Program Evaluation: Measuring Organizational Performance
601(26)
Introduction
601(1)
Productivity
601(18)
Implementing a Productivity Program
603(3)
Management Style and Productivity
606(1)
Management by Objectives
607(3)
Obstacles and Benefits
610(2)
The Thorns in Productivity Measurement
612(1)
MBO, Productivity, and Quality Improvement Efforts
613(6)
Program Evaluation
619(5)
Types of Program Evaluation
620(1)
The Police Adminstrator and Evaluation
621(1)
Making Evaluation Work
622(1)
The Insider-Outsider Evaluator Question
623(1)
Summary
624(1)
Discussion Questions
625(1)
Notes
625(2)
Organizational Change and the Future
627(28)
Introduction
627(1)
Why Change Occurs
627(5)
The Change Agent
632(1)
Organizational Development (OD)
633(1)
Change Agent Errors
634(1)
Internal Versus External Change Agents
634(2)
Internal Chage Agent: Pros and Cons
635(1)
External Change Agent: Pros and Cons
635(1)
Locating External Change Agents
636(1)
Expertise of External Consultants
636(1)
Working with External Consultants
636(1)
Reviewing the Study
637(1)
Research Techniques
637(2)
Problem Formation and Research Design
638(1)
Variables
638(1)
Sampling Methods
638(1)
Gathering Data
639(1)
Methods of Organizational Change
639(2)
Changing Individuals
639(2)
Changing Organizational Structures and Systems
641(1)
Radical Versus Gradual Change
642(1)
Resistance to Change
643(2)
Success and Failure Patterns in a Planned Change
645(4)
Success Patterns
646(1)
Failure Forms
647(2)
Police Futures Research
649(2)
The Futures Research Unit
649(1)
Establishing a Futures Research Unit
650(1)
Summary
651(1)
Discussion Questions
652(1)
Notes
653(2)
Index 655

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