Our Energy Future : Resources, Alternatives and the Environment
by Christian Ngo; Joseph NatowitzFormat: eBook
Pub. Date: 2009-10-01
Publisher(s): Wiley
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Summary
A Wiley Survival Guide on our Energy FutureConcerned about our energy future? Turn to this guide for easy-to-grasp and up-to-date coverage of the many aspects of the energy value chain:Oil and natural gasCoalFossil fuels and the greenhouse effectEnergy from waterBiomassSolar energyGeothermal energyWind energyNuclear energyElectricityEnergy storageTransportationHousingSmart energy consumptionHydrogenArmed with the knowledge in this book, students, teachers, decision-makers, politicians, and consumers can form educated and informed opinions on the future of energy and its impact on the economy, health, and the environment.
Table of Contents
| We need energy | |
| Generalities | |
| Primary and secondary energy | |
| Energy units | |
| Power | |
| Energy and first law of thermodynamics | |
| Entropy and second law of thermodynamics | |
| Exergy | |
| Going back to the past | |
| Man and energy | |
| Always More! | |
| Why do we need more energy? | |
| The energy sources we use | |
| Security of supply | |
| Environmental concerns | |
| Oil and Natural Gas | |
| Genesis of oil and natural gas | |
| Recovering oil and gas | |
| Peak oil | |
| Reserves | |
| Crude oil reserves | |
| Natural gas reserves | |
| Properties of hydrocarbons | |
| Oil fields | |
| Prices | |
| Consumption | |
| Electricity generation | |
| Impact on the environment | |
| Unconventional oil and gas resources | |
| Oil shale | |
| Tar sands | |
| Coal bed methane | |
| Methane hydrates | |
| Conclusion | |
| Coal | |
| Genesis of coal | |
| Rank of coals | |
| Classification of coals | |
| Peat | |
| Use of coal | |
| Coal Reserves | |
| Production and consumption | |
| Electricity production | |
| Coal combustion for power generation | |
| Advanced pulverized coal combustion | |
| Fluidized bed combustion at atmospheric pressure | |
| Pressurized fluidized bed combustion | |
| Combined heat and power generation | |
| Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants | |
| Coal to liquid technologies | |
| Direct coal liquefaction | |
| Indirect coal liquefaction | |
| Direct or indirect CTL technology? | |
| Carbon capture and sequestration | |
| Capture | |
| Transport | |
| Sequestration | |
| Cost | |
| Coal pit accidents | |
| Environmental impacts | |
| Conclusion | |
| Fossil Fuels and the Greenhouse Effect | |
| The Greenhouse effect | |
| The Greenhouse Gases | |
| Weather and climate | |
| Natural change of the climate | |
| Anthropogenic emissions | |
| Water and aerosols | |
| Global warming potentials | |
| An increase of the average temperature | |
| Model predictions | |
| Energy and greenhouse gas emissions | |
| Consequences | |
| Other impacts on the ocean | |
| Factor 4 | |
| The Kyoto Protocol | |
| Conclusion | |
| Energy from water | |
| Hydropower | |
| Hydropower: an important source of electricity | |
| Dams, diversions | |
| Head and flow | |
| Turbines | |
| Small-scale hydropower | |
| Environmental concerns | |
| Costs | |
| Energy from the ocean | |
| Offshore wind energy | |
| Wave energy | |
| Tidal energy | |
| Marine Current energy | |
| Ocean thermal energy conversion | |
| Osmotic energy | |
| Biomass | |
| Producing biomass | |
| An old energy resource | |
| Electricity production | |
| Technologies | |
| Direct-combustion technologies | |
| Co-firing technologies | |
| Biomass gasification | |
| Anaerobic digestion | |
| Pyrolysis | |
| Heat production | |
| Biomass for cooking | |
| Environmental impact | |
| Market Share | |
| Biofuels | |
| Biofuels, an old story | |
| First generation biofuels | |
| Biofuels for gasoline engines | |
| Biofuels for diesel engines | |
| Second generation biofuels | |
| Third generation biofuels | |
| From Well to wheels | |
| Conclusion | |
| Solar energy | |
| Solar energy: a huge potential | |
| Thermal solar energy | |
| Producing hot water for domestic purposes | |
| Heating, cooling and ventilation using solar energy | |
| The solar cooker | |
| Concentrated solar power plants | |
| Parabolic troughs | |
| Power towers | |
| Parabolic dish collector | |
| Solar chimneys or towers | |
| Photovoltaic systems | |
| A market dominated by silicon | |
| Other photovoltaic technologies | |
| Applications | |
| Electricity storage | |
| Economy and environment | |
| Conclusion | |
| Geothermal energy | |
| Available in many places | |
| Different uses | |
| Technologies | |
| Geothermal energy in the world | |
| Conclusion | |
| Wind energy | |
| Already a long history | |
| From theory to practice | |
| Development of wind power | |
| Off-shore wind turbines | |
| Conclusions | |
| Nuclear energy | |
| Basics of Nuclear Energy | |
| Atoms and nuclei | |
| Radioactivity | |
| Energy and mass | |
| Fission | |
| Fissile and fertile | |
| Chain reaction | |
| Critical Mass | |
| Nuclear Reactors | |
| Natural Nuclear Reactors- Oklo | |
| Conclusion | |
| Use of Nuclear Energy | |
| Different technologies | |
| The selection process | |
| Why nuclear energy? | |
| Uranium resources | |
| Fuel cycles | |
| Front end fuel cycle | |
| Back end fuel cycle | |
| Safety | |
| Nuclear waste | |
| Conclusion | |
| Thermonuclear Fusion | |
| Nuclei, concentrated sources of energy | |
| The Sun | |
| Fusion of light nuclei | |
| Difficulties | |
| A bit of history | |
| Thermonuclear fusion in Tokamaks | |
| ITER: a new step towards mastering fusion | |
| About Fuel Reserves | |
| Longer term possibilities | |
| Safety and waste issues | |
| Conclusion | |
| Appendix | |
| Electricity | |
| A rapid development | |
| Energy sources for electricity production | |
| No unique solution | |
| From mechanical energy to the consumer | |
| Impact on the environment | |
| Cost | |
| Conclusion | |
| Energy storage | |
| Electricity Storage | |
| Characteristics of electricity storage | |
| Large quantity storage technologies | |
| Pumped hydroelectric storage | |
| Compressed air energy storage | |
| Thermal energy storage of electricity | |
| Electrochemical batteries | |
| Primary batteries | |
| Metal-air batteries | |
| Rechargeable batteries | |
| Lead batteries | |
| NiCd batteries | |
| The NIMH battery | |
| Li-ion batteries | |
| Flow batteries | |
| Sodium-sulphur battery | |
| Conclusion | |
| Supercapacitors | |
| Flywheels | |
| Thermal Energy Storage | |
| Basic heat storage | |
| Sensible heat storage | |
| Phase change materials | |
| Thermochemical and thermophysical energy storage | |
| Applications of thermal energy storage | |
| Underground energy storage | |
| Conclusion | |
| Transportation | |
| A short history of transportation | |
| Road transportation | |
| Energy and transportation | |
| Road Transportation | |
| Ship transportation | |
| Air transport | |
| Car dynamics | |
| Fuels for road transportation | |
| CO2 Emissions | |
| Hybrid vehicles | |
| Electric vehicles | |
| Conclusion | |
| Housing | |
| Importance of housing | |
| Towards more efficient housing | |
| Different regions, different solutions | |
| Bioclimatic architecture | |
| Insulation | |
| Glazing | |
| Lighting | |
| Ventilation | |
| Water | |
| Energy use in a household | |
| Heat pumps | |
| Impact on the environment | |
| Conclusion | |
| Smart energy consumption | |
| Housing | |
| Improving the way we consume energy | |
| Cogeneration | |
| Standby consumption | |
| Lighting | |
| Transportation | |
| Technology | |
| Individuals | |
| Conclusion | |
| Hydrogen | |
| From Production to Distribution | |
| Properties | |
| Production | |
| Vaporeforming | |
| Partial oxidation | |
| Autothermal reforming | |
| Coal gasification | |
| Producing hydrogen in situ | |
| Electrolysis of water | |
| Thermochemical cycles | |
| From biomass | |
| Using enzymes | |
| Photolysis | |
| Storage | |
| Storage of compressed hydrogen gas | |
| Storage of liquid hydrogen | |
| Storage in metal hydrides | |
| Carbon nanotubes | |
| Other possibilities | |
| Hydrogen transport and distribution | |
| Transports | |
| Distribution | |
| Conclusion | |
| Hydrogen: Energetic Applications | |
| Fundamentals of fuel cells | |
| Different fuel cells | |
| Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) | |
| Proton electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) | |
| Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) | |
| Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) | |
| Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) | |
| Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) | |
| Open issues | |
| Transportation | |
| Hydrogen and fuel cells | |
| Ship and submarines | |
| SOFC and transportation | |
| Direct use of hydrogen | |
| Road transport | |
| Planes | |
| Ships | |
| Combined heat and power | |
| Hydrogen and portable devices | |
| Hydrogen safety | |
| Conclusion | |
| Conclusion | |
| Exercises | |
| Bibliography | |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
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