Natural Disasters And Extreme Events in Agriculture,9783540224907

Natural Disasters And Extreme Events in Agriculture

by
ISBN13: 9783540224907
ISBN10: 3540224904
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2005-08-15
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
List Price: $249.99

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Summary

Agricultural production is highly dependent on weather, climate and water availability and is adversely affected by the weather and climate-related disasters. Droughts and natural disasters such as floods can result in crop failures, food insecurity, famine, loss of property and life, mass migration and negative national economic growth. It may not be possible to prevent the occurrence of these natural disasters, but the resultant disastrous effects can be reduced considerably through proper planning and effective preparation. Vulnerability associated with the hazards of natural disasters can be controlled to some extent by accurate and timely prediction and by taking counter-measures to reduce their impacts on agriculture. This book based on an expert meeting held in Beijing, China should be of interest to all organizations involved in disasters reduction and mitigation of extreme events.

Table of Contents

1 Impacts of Natural Disasters in Agriculture, Rangeland and Forestry: an Overview
1(22)
M.V.K. Sivakumar
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Natural Disasters - Definitions and Types
2(2)
1.3 Natural Disasters - the Rising Trend
4(1)
1.4 Impacts of Natural Disasters in Agriculture, Rangeland and Forestry - General Discussion
5(5)
1.4.1 Negative Impacts
6(4)
1.4.2 Positive Impacts
10(1)
1.5 Impacts of Specific Natural Disasters in Agriculture, Rangeland and Forestry
10(6)
1.5.1 Droughts
10(2)
1.5.2 Cyclones
12(2)
1.5.3 Floods
14(1)
1.5.4 Forest and Bush Fires
15(1)
1.6 Environmental Degradation and Impact of Natural Disasters in Agriculture, Forestry and Rangelands
16(1)
1.7 Natural Disasters in Agriculture, Rangeland and Forestry - Some Methodological Issues
17(1)
1.8 Mitigating the Impacts of Natural Disasters
18(1)
1.9 Conclusions
19(1)
References
20(3)
2 The Role of Disaster Preparedness in National Planning with Specific Reference to Droughts
23(16)
D.A. Wilhite
2.1 Introduction
23(13)
2.1.1 Monitoring Drought: Unique Challenges and Recommendations
25(2)
2.1.2 Drought Policy and Preparedness
27(1)
2.1.3 Drought Mitigation Planning: Examples and Perspectives
28(8)
2.2 Summary and Future Challenges
36(1)
References
37(2)
3 The Occurrence and Predictability of Extreme Events over the Southwest Pacific with Particular Reference to ENSO
39(12)
M.J. Salinger P. Lefale
3.1 Introduction
39(1)
3.2 Impacts of Extreme Events
40(1)
3.3 Trends in Extremes
41(2)
3.4 ENSO Impacts on Climate in the Southwest Pacific
43(2)
3.5 Predictability of Extreme Events and ENSO
45(1)
3.6 Predictability of Southwest Pacific Climate
45(2)
3.7 Conclusions
47(1)
References
48(3)
4 Accessibility of Database Information to Facilitate Early Detection of Extreme Events to Help Mitigate Their Impacts on Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
51(20)
R.P.R. Guerreiro
4.1 Introduction
51(2)
4.2 The Need for Observational Data and Products
53(4)
4.2.1 Floods
53(1)
4.2.2 Droughts
53(2)
4.2.3 Lightning Storms
55(1)
4.2.4 Data Needs for Fisheries
55(1)
4.2.5 Automated Weather Stations
56(1)
4.2.6 Agrometeorological Databases
56(1)
4.3 Database Management
57(4)
4.3.1 Database Design
57(2)
4.3.2 Real-time Information
59(1)
4.3.3 Relational Database Management Systems
60(1)
4.4 Remote Sensing
61(2)
4.5 Geographical Information Systems
63(3)
4.6 Conclusions
66(1)
References
67(4)
5 Tools for Forecasting or Warning as well as Hazard Assessment to Reduce Impact of Natural Disasters on Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
71(22)
L. Nuñez
5.1 Introduction
71(1)
5.2 Floods
72(3)
5.2.1 Forecasting/Warning of Flood for Reduction of Risk Potential
73(1)
5.2.2 Quantification of Risk Potential and Hazard Assessment
73(1)
5.2.3 Forecasting System as a Part of Disaster Management
74(1)
5.2.4 Impacts of Flood on Agriculture
74(1)
5.3 Droughts
75(6)
5.3.1 The Nature and Prediction of ENSO
76(1)
5.3.2 Drought and its Forecasts Based on ENSO
77(3)
5.3.3 Risk Management
80(1)
5.4 Tropical Cyclones
81(4)
5.4.1 Cyclone Prediction and Warning
82(3)
5.5 Forest Fires
85(3)
5.5.1 Fire Danger Ratings
85(2)
5.5.2 Fire Behavior Prediction
87(1)
5.6 Volcano
88(1)
5.6.1 Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions
89(1)
5.7 Conclusion
89(1)
References
90(3)
6 Agrometeorological Impact Assessment of Natural Disasters and Extreme Events and Agricultural Strategies Adopted in Areas with High Weather Risks
93(26)
H.P. Das
6.1 Introduction
93(1)
6.2 Agrometeorological Impact of Extreme Events
94(8)
6.2.1 Positive Effect on Agriculture of Extreme Events
96(1)
6.2.2 Negative Effect on Agriculture of Extreme Events
96(6)
6.3 Strategies Adopted in Areas with High Weather Risk
102(6)
6.3.1 Drought Management
102(1)
6.3.2 Cyclone Preparedness in Agriculture System
103(2)
6.3.3 Mitigation of Damage on Agricultural Sector due to Flood and Heavy Rainfall
105(1)
6.3.4 Protection of Crop Against Wind
106(1)
6.3.5 Protection of Crops from Dust Storm/Sand Storm
107(1)
6.3.6 Protection of Crops from Cold Injury and Frost
107(1)
6.3.7 Fire Prevention Measures
108(1)
6.4 Agricultural Strategies for Community Capacity Building
108(3)
6.4.1 Diversification of Crops According to Different Planting Seasons
108(1)
6.4.2 Propagation of Disaster Resistant Crops
109(1)
6.4.3 Seed Banks and Nurseries
109(1)
6.4.4 Post Harvest Facilities
110(1)
6.4.5 Encourage Proper Land Use Management and Sustainable Agriculture Practices
110(1)
6.4.6 Community Participation for Traditional Rain Water Harvesting
110(1)
6.5 Disaster Risk Reduction Through Livelihood Concerns
111(3)
6.5.1 Creation of Alternate Livelihood Options
112(1)
6.5.2 Livelihood Strategies in Disaster Risk Reduction - A Case Study in Bangladesh
113(1)
6.6 Remote Sensing as a Tool for Disaster Risk Management
114(2)
6.6.1 Cyclones and Tornadoes
115(1)
6.6.2 Drought
115(1)
6.6.3 Flood
115(1)
6.6.4 Forest Fires
116(1)
6.7 Crop Insurance
116(1)
6.8 Conclusion
117(1)
References
117(2)
7 Damage Assessment of Agrometeorological Relevance from Natural Disasters: Economic and Social Consequences
119(18)
A.R. Riebau, D.G. Fox
7.1 Introduction
119(5)
7.2 Climate Change and Climate Variability
124(2)
7.3 Variability Shifting Continental Ecosystems
126(4)
7.4 Interdecadal Climate Variability
130(2)
7.5 Economic and Social Consequences
132(1)
7.6 Conclusions
133(1)
References
134(3)
8 Impacts of Tropical Cyclones on Chinese Lowland Agriculture and Coastal Fisheries
137(8)
M. Xu, Q. Yang, M. Ying
8.1 Introduction
137(1)
8.2 Destruction Caused by Tropical Storms in Coastal Areas
138(1)
8.3 Features of TCs Affecting China and TC Disasters
138(3)
8.3.1 High Frequency in Occurrence
140(1)
8.3.2 Wide Range of Affecting Areas
140(1)
8.3.3 Violent in Sudden Occurence
140(1)
8.3.4 Remarkable in Their Chain Effects
140(1)
8.4 Impacts of Tropical Cyclones on Lowland Agriculture and Coastal Fisheries
141(3)
References
144(1)
9 Frost and High Temperature Injury in China
145(14)
D. Yaodong
9.1 Introduction
145(1)
9.2 Frost
146(8)
9.2.1 Concept and Harmed Mechanism of Frost
146(1)
9.2.2 Frost Area
147(1)
9.2.3 Crops Harmed by Frost
148(1)
9.2.4 Statistical Characteristics of Frost
149(5)
9.2.5 Preventive Measures and Preparedness of Frost
154(1)
9.3 High Temperature Injury in China
154(2)
9.3.1 Impact on Crops
154(1)
9.3.2 Impact on Vegetables
155(1)
9.3.3 Impact on Other Plants and Animals in Agriculture
155(1)
9.4 Conclusions
156(1)
References
156(3)
10 Impacts of Sand Storms/Dust Storms on Agriculture 159(20)
M.V.K. Sivakumar
10.1 Introduction
159(1)
10.2 Anthropogenic Land Disturbances and Wind Erosion
160(2)
10.3 Definition of Sand and Dust Storms
162(1)
10.4 Mechanics of Sand and Dust Storms
163(2)
10.5 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Sand and Dust Storms
165(1)
10.6 Impacts of Sand and Dust Storms
166(5)
10.6.1 Crop Damage
166(1)
10.6.2 Soil Productivity Losses
167(1)
10.6.3 Economic Losses
168(1)
10.6.4 Mass Migration
169(1)
10.6.5 Health Impacts
169(1)
10.6.6 Impacts on Climate
169(1)
10.6.7 Positive Impacts
170(1)
10.7 Measures to Combat Sand and Dust Storms
171(1)
10.7.1 Use of Wind Breaks or Shelterbelts
171(1)
10.7.2 Use of Crop Residues
172(1)
10.7.3 Use of Mechanical Tillage
172(1)
10.8 Conclusions
172(1)
References
173(6)
11 Disaster Reduction Planning and Response: The Example of National Drought Policy in USA 179(16)
R.P. Motha
11.1 Introduction
179(1)
11.2 Disaster Management: Shift from Reactive to Proactive Management
180(2)
11.3 Rationale for a Coordinated National Drought Policy
182(2)
11.4 National Drought Policy Commission
184(5)
11.5 U.S. Drought Monitor
189(3)
11.6 Latest Developments
192(1)
References
192(3)
12 Agricultural Drought Policy and Practices in Australia 195(24)
W.J. Wright
12.1 Introduction - Past Policy
195(2)
12.2 The 1990s - Development of a National Drought Policy
197(2)
12.3 Climate Services in Support of the Drought Policy
199(2)
12.4 Application of the Exceptional Circumstances Policy
201(2)
12.5 Water Management
203(3)
12.5.1 Water, Irrigation and the Environment
203(1)
12.5.2 Urban Water Policy During Droughts
204(2)
12.6 The 2002-03 Drought in Australia - a Case Study
206(5)
12.6.1 Lessons Learned
208(3)
12.7 Relation to Long-term Climate Fluctuations
211(4)
12.7.1 Cyclical Climate Fluctuations
211(2)
12.7.2 Climatic Trends and Discontinuities
213(2)
12.8 Concluding Remarks
215(1)
References
216(3)
13 Significance of Training, Education and Communication for Awareness of Potential Hazards in Managing Natural Disaster in Australia 219(22)
W.J. Wright
13.1 Introduction
220(1)
13.2 Disaster Mitigation Through Education and Training Programmes by Government Agencies
221(1)
13.3 Community Awareness and Self-help Programs in Australia
221(7)
13.3.1 Bushfires
222(3)
13.3.2 Tropical Cyclones
225(2)
13.3.3 Public Weather Advice and Alerts
227(1)
13.4 Droughts and Flooding Rains - the Effective Use of Climate Information in Managing Extremes of Climate Variability
228(6)
13.4.1 Seasonal Climate Predictions - Educating the User
229(2)
13.4.2 Responses from Farming Community
231(1)
13.4.3 Other Climate Extremes
232(1)
13.4.4 Training in the Application of Seasonal Predictions in the South Pacific
233(1)
13.5 Towards Improved Lines of Communication
234(2)
13.5.1 Role of the Media
235(1)
13.6 Concluding Remarks
236(2)
References
238(3)
14 Agrometeorological Disaster Risk Management in China 241(18)
W. Shili, H. Zhiguo, G. Jianping, W. Chunyi
14.1 Introduction
241(1)
14.2 Early Warning and Prediction of Agrometeorological Disasters
242(5)
14.2.1 Improvement in Statistical Prediction Models
242(1)
14.2.2 Prediction Models Based on Climate Prediction and Agrometeorological Models
243(3)
14.2.3 Early Warning for Agrometeorological Disasters Using GIS
246(1)
14.3 Risk Assessments of Agro-meteorological Disasters
247(3)
14.3.1 Risk Identification of Major Agro-meteorological Disasters
247(1)
14.3.2 Risk Assessment of Major Agro-meteorological Disasters
248(1)
14.3.3 Comprehensive Risk Division of Major Agro-meteorological Disasters
249(1)
14.4 Popularizing Preventive Measures of Agro-meteorological Disasters
250(4)
14.4.1 Rational Use of Agro-climatic Resources to Mitigate Disasters
250(1)
14.4.2 Adopting Practical Agricultural Measures to Mitigate Disasters
251(2)
14.4.3 Preparing and Applying Reagents to Mitigate Agrometeorological Disasters
253(1)
14.4.4 Popularizing Agrometeorological Disaster-preventing Techniques
254(1)
14.5 Agrometeorological Information Services
254(1)
14.5.1 National Level
254(1)
14.5.2 Provincial Level
255(1)
14.6 Conclusions
255(1)
References
256(3)
15 Degradation of Vegetation and Agricultural Productivity due to Natural Disasters and Land Use Strategies to Mitigate Their Impacts on Agriculture, Rangelands and Forestry 259(18)
B. Gomez
15.1 Introduction
259(1)
15.2 Definitions of Terminologies
260(1)
15.3 Natural Disasters
260(15)
15.3.1 Tropical Storms (Cyclones, Hurricanes, Typhoons)
260(2)
15.3.2 Floods
262(2)
15.3.3 Drought
264(4)
15.3.4 Dust Storms and Sandstorms
268(1)
15.3.5 Frost
269(2)
15.3.6 Volcanic Eruption
271(1)
15.3.7 Landslides
271(2)
15.3.8 Bush/Forest Fires
273(2)
15.4 Conclusion
275(1)
References
276(1)
16 Agricultural Drought Mitigation and Management of Sustained Agricultural Development in India 277(28)
H.P. Das
16.1 Introduction
277(2)
16.2 Drought Management
279(12)
16.2.1 Risk Management
280(1)
16.2.2 Drought Management Strategy
281(10)
16.3 Drought Planning in Relation to Climate Change
291(1)
16.4 Mitigation of Drought
292(6)
16.4.1 Drought Mitigation Strategies
293(1)
16.4.2 Government Action to Combat Drought
294(1)
16.4.3 Development of New Agronomic Practices and Modern Technology
295(1)
16.4.4 Education and Training Programmes for Mitigation of Drought
295(1)
16.4.5 Farming Systems Approach for Drought Mitigation
296(1)
16.4.6 Strategy to Induce Farmer's Participation
297(1)
16.5 Strategic Planning for On-farm Research
298(1)
16.5.1 Short-term Measures
298(1)
16.5.2 Medium-term Measures
298(1)
16.5.3 Long-term Measures
299(1)
16.6 Drought Management and Remote Sensing
299(1)
16.7 Risk Transfer Through Insurance
300(1)
16.8 Conclusion
301(1)
References
302(3)
17 Early Detection and Monitoring of Drought and Flood in China Using Remote Sensing and GIS 305(14)
Y. Zhao, S. Li, Y Zhang
17.1 Introduction
305(2)
17.2 Status of Drought and Flood Early Detection and Monitoring in China
307(7)
17.2.1 Drought
308(3)
17.2.2 Flood
311(3)
17.3 Examples of Flood Monitoring by NMSC in 2003
314(1)
17.4 Conclusions
315(2)
References
317(2)
18 The Decision of the Center of a Tropical Cyclone over China Coastal Waters Using a Doppler Radar 319(16)
X. Yinglong, J. Meiyan, B. Baogui, C. Tao
18.1 Introduction
319(3)
18.2 Pattern Recognition Technique
322(1)
18.3 The Geometric Axisymmetric Center Positioning Method
323(2)
18.3.1 The Detection of a Tropical Cyclone Vortex
323(1)
18.3.2 The Determination of the Locations of Extreme Doppler Velocity
324(1)
18.3.3 The Decision of the Center of a Tropical Cyclone
325(1)
18.3.4 The Decision of the Radius Maximum Wind (RMW)
325(1)
18.4 The Velocity Distance Azimuth Display Positioning Method
325(2)
18.5 Simulated Test
327(3)
18.5.1 The Building of the Simulated Doppler Radial Velocity
327(2)
18.5.2 The Result of Simulated Test
329(1)
18.6 Actual Test of Typhoon Case
330(3)
18.6.1 The Data of a Typhoon Case
330(1)
18.6.2 The Result of Actual Test for a Typhoon Case
330(3)
18.7 Conclusions and Discussion
333(1)
References
334(1)
19 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Analysis of Forest Fire Risk and Assessment of Forest Degradation 335(16)
A.R. Riebau, J.J. Qu
19.1 Introduction
335(6)
19.2 Climate Change, Climate Variability, and Fire Danger
341(1)
19.3 Remote Sensing Applications of Fire Fuels Monitoring
341(3)
19.4 GIS Applications and Fire Information Mapping
344(1)
19.5 Fire Smoke and Air Quality
344(4)
19.6 Summary and Conclusions
348(1)
References
348(3)
Conclusions and Recommendations 351(6)
Conclusions
351(1)
Recommendations
352(5)
Index 357

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