Kiln-Drying of Lumber,9783540661375

Kiln-Drying of Lumber

by ; ;
ISBN13: 9783540661375
ISBN10: 3540661379
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2000-05-01
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
List Price: $99.00

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Table of Contents

The Structure of Wood
1(23)
The Structure of Softwoods
5(3)
The Structure of Hardwoods
8(4)
Cell-Wall Structure and Composition
12(11)
Cellulose
13(1)
Hemicellulose
14(2)
Lignin
16(2)
The Cell-Wall Ultrastructure of a Softwood Tracheid
18(3)
Water in the Cell Wall
21(2)
Wood-Water Relationships
23(20)
Water in Wood
23(1)
Moisture Sorption
24(8)
Fibre Saturation and Maximum Hygroscopic Moisture Content
32(2)
Theories of Sorption
34(3)
Heat of Sorption
37(3)
Response to Environmental Changes
40(3)
Evaporation and Humidification
43(22)
Moisture in Air
43(2)
Enthalpy of Moist Air
45(1)
Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures
46(3)
Humidity Charts
49(3)
Ideal Heat Demand
52(2)
Evaporation from a Wood Surface
54(6)
Subsurface Evaporation
60(3)
Mass-Transfer Coefficient Measurements
63(2)
Wood-Drying Kinetics
65(20)
Empirical Observations
65(7)
Permeable Wood
66(1)
Impermeable Wood
67(1)
Empirical Models
67(4)
Graphical-Analytical Methods
71(1)
Normalisation of Drying-Rate Curves
72(7)
Pathways for Moisture Movement in Wood
79(3)
Longitudinal Movement
80(1)
Transverse Movement
81(1)
Selection of Drying Models
82(3)
Moisture Diffusion
85(32)
Driving Forces for Diffusion
86(14)
The Kirschhoff Transformation
88(2)
Moisture-Content Driving Force
90(4)
Vapour-Pressure Driving Force
94(4)
Chemical-Potential Driving Force
98(2)
Penetration Periods and Regular-Regime Drying
100(3)
Theoretical Modelling of Diffusion Coefficients
103(1)
Experimental Measurements of Diffusion Coefficients
104(9)
The Effect of Temperature on Diffusion Coefficients
107(5)
The Effect of Moisture Content on Diffusion Coefficients
112(1)
Conclusions
113(4)
Multiple-Mechanism Models
117(22)
Fundamental Equations
118(2)
Experimental Observations
120(7)
Temperature Profiles
120(1)
Moisture-Content Profiles
121(4)
Pressure Profiles
125(2)
The Physical Process of Drying for a Softwood, Pinus radiata
127(9)
Heartwood
128(1)
Sapwood
128(1)
The Moisture-Transport Equations
129(1)
The Movement of Free Moisture
130(2)
The Movement of Water Vapour
132(1)
The Movement of Bound Water
133(1)
The Evaporative Zone
133(1)
Mass and Energy Conservation Equations
134(1)
Initial Conditions
135(1)
Boundary Conditions
135(1)
Mixed-Wood Boards
136(1)
Conclusions
137(2)
Lumber Quality
139(32)
Gross Features of Wood
139(13)
Greenwood Moisture Content
139(3)
Wetwood
142(1)
Heartwood
143(1)
Knots
143(3)
Spiral Grain
146(2)
Juvenile and Mature Wood
148(4)
Intrinsic Features of Wood
152(14)
Density
152(5)
Collapse
157(1)
Warp
158(4)
Reaction Wood
162(1)
Compression Wood
163(2)
Tension Wood
165(1)
Processing Implications
166(5)
Sawing Strategies
166(1)
Warp on Drying
166(5)
Stress and Strain Behaviour
171(32)
Mechanical Analogues
173(2)
Elastic Element
173(1)
Viscous Element
174(1)
Maxwell Model
174(1)
Kelvin Model
174(1)
Burgers Model
175(1)
Shrinkage
175(1)
Instantaneous Strain
176(7)
Linear Loading
176(5)
Non-Linear Loading
181(1)
Unloading
181(1)
Slow-Loading Tests
182(1)
Viscoelastic Strain
183(5)
Mechanical Analogues
183(2)
The Bailey-Norton Equation
185(3)
Mechanosorptive Strain
188(7)
Quanlitative Observations
188(1)
Quantitative Analysis
189(6)
Relative Magnitude of Strain Components
195(1)
Elastic and Other Strains
195(1)
Viscoelastic and Mechanosorptive Strains
195(1)
Solution Procedures
196(2)
One-Dimensional Analysis
196(1)
Two-Dimensional Analysis
197(1)
Experimental Apparatus
198(1)
Applications
199(4)
Airflow and Convection
203(18)
Airflow in a Batch Kiln
204(8)
Velocity Distributions over a Kiln
205(1)
Geometrical Considerations
206(1)
Pressure Drops over Kiln Sections
207(4)
Stack-Velocity Distribution
211(1)
Flow between Boards
212(3)
Convection in Kilns
215(3)
Airflow Maldistribution
215(1)
Board Irregularities
216(1)
Uneven Thickness of Boards
217(1)
Stack Ends
217(1)
Bypassing
218(1)
Kiln Economics
218(3)
Kiln Operation
221(26)
Drying under Constant External Conditions
222(1)
Drying under Variable External Conditions
223(4)
Practical Kiln Schedules
227(6)
General Practical Considerations
233(10)
Species-Grouped Schedules
234(1)
Species-Specific Schedules
234(2)
Schedule Development
236(1)
Stacking
237(1)
Fan Speeds and Reversals
238(1)
Kiln Monitoring
239(1)
Volatile Emissions and Kiln Corrosion
239(2)
Equalisation
241(1)
Stress Relief
242(1)
Destickering
243(1)
End-Moisture Specification
243(1)
Handling Kiln-Dried Lumber
244(3)
Pretreatments of Green Lumber
247(24)
Protecting Wood Prior to Drying
247(9)
Wet Storage
247(1)
Control of Microorganisms
247(2)
Relaxation of Growth Stresses
249(1)
Antisapstain Treatments
250(5)
Brownstain Control
255(1)
Physical Methods to Improve Permeability
256(1)
Incising
256(1)
Compression Rolling
256(1)
Low-Temperature Predrying
257(2)
Heat Treatment
259(2)
Steaming and Soaking in Hot Water
259(2)
Dry Heat
261(1)
Prefreezing
261(1)
Antishrink Chemicals
262(1)
Presurfacing
263(1)
Problems with Surface Checking
263(1)
Problems with Moulds
264(1)
Green Finger-Jointing and Cutting Blanks
264(2)
Precoating
266(1)
Presorting
267(4)
Less-Common Drying Methods
271(20)
Solar Kilns
271(9)
Insolation Rates and Kiln Locations
273(1)
Absorbers
274(1)
Glazing
275(1)
Temperature Control
275(1)
Humidity Control
275(1)
Air Circulation
276(1)
Energy Losses
277(1)
Economics
278(1)
Mathematical Modelling of Performance
279(1)
Dielectric Drying
280(5)
Mechanisms of Heating
280(1)
Dipolar Rotation
280(1)
Ionic Conduction
281(1)
Interactions
281(1)
Moisture Content
281(1)
Density
282(1)
Temperature
282(1)
Internal Pressures
282(1)
Drying Times Relative to Conventional Kilns
283(1)
Economics
284(1)
Superheated Steam Drying
285(1)
Vacuum Drying
286(2)
Dehumidifier Kilns
288(3)
References 291(24)
Subject Index 315(8)
Species Index 323

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