Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
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Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice |
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1 | (30) |
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Defining Delinquency: The Basics |
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4 | (5) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (2) |
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Measuring Delinquency: Issues and Insights |
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9 | (5) |
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Crime, Delinquency, and the Media |
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9 | (4) |
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13 | (1) |
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Reporting Systems for Delinquency: Measures and Trends |
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14 | (7) |
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Youthful Victims of Crime: National Crime Victimization Surveys |
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15 | (1) |
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Kids, Cops, and Crime: Uniform Crime Reports |
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16 | (1) |
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Children in Court: National Juvenile Court Statistics |
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17 | (4) |
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Responding to Delinquency and Delinquents |
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21 | (3) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Providing for Juvenile Justice: A National Perspective |
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24 | (2) |
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Governmental Committees and Commissions |
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24 | (1) |
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Permanent Governmental and Quasi-Governmental Agencies |
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24 | (1) |
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Professional Organizations |
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25 | (1) |
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Private Foundations and Interest Groups |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (5) |
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Critical Review Questions |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (3) |
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Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on Juvenile Justice |
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31 | (30) |
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Historical Status of Children: The Evolution of Childhood |
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35 | (3) |
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Children in Ancient Rome and in the Middle Ages |
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35 | (3) |
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The Emergence of Childhood in the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation |
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38 | (1) |
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Between Childhood and Adulthood: Creating Adolescence |
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38 | (4) |
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Defining the ``Good Child'' in Early American History: 1620--1870 |
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39 | (2) |
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Adolescents and Delinquents: 1870--1900 |
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41 | (1) |
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The Juvenile Court: A New Justice System for a New Century |
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42 | (2) |
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The Industrial Revolution |
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43 | (1) |
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Immigration and Urbanization |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Explaining Delinquency, Part I: Historical Views |
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44 | (3) |
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Spiritual and Natural Explanations: Precursors of Modern Crime Theories |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Explaining Delinquency, Part II: Psychological and Sociological Theories |
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47 | (7) |
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Delinquency and Psychology |
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48 | (1) |
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Delinquency, Sociology, and the Control of Delinquency |
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49 | (2) |
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Delinquency, Sociology, and Delinquency as Learned Behavior |
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51 | (1) |
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Delinquency, Sociology, and the Role of Power |
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52 | (2) |
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Explaining Delinquency, Part III: Theoretical Eclecticism and Pragmatism |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (5) |
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Critical Review Questions |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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Juvenile Offenders and Police Processes |
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61 | (36) |
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A Brief History of Police Work with Juveniles |
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63 | (3) |
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Police Roles and Juvenile Offenders |
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66 | (6) |
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66 | (1) |
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Police Styles and Their Implications for Police--Juvenile Contacts |
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67 | (1) |
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The Police as Juvenile Justice System Gatekeepers |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Police Discretion, Age, Gender, and Race: A Cautionary Note |
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70 | (2) |
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Police and Juvenile Contacts |
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72 | (2) |
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Troublesome Youths and the Police |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Police Responses to Delinquency |
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74 | (3) |
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Citizen-Initiated Encounters |
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75 | (1) |
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Family-Initiated Encounters |
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75 | (1) |
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School-Initiated Encounters |
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76 | (1) |
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Police-Initiated Encounters |
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76 | (1) |
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Arrest and Restraint: Issues and Practices |
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77 | (4) |
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78 | (1) |
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Police Identification Procedures |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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Investigation of Juvenile Offenses |
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81 | (4) |
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Evidentiary Procedures and the Rights of Juvenile Suspects: The Basics |
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81 | (2) |
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The Interrogation Environment |
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83 | (1) |
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Personal Characteristics of the Suspect |
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84 | (1) |
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Searches Involving Juvenile Suspects |
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84 | (1) |
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Police-School Interactions |
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85 | (2) |
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School Police Departments |
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86 | (1) |
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Police Officers in the Schools |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (6) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (5) |
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93 | (4) |
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Critical Review Questions |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Preadjudication Detention and Diversion Programs |
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97 | (32) |
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Why Preadjudication Detention? |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (7) |
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Juvenile Detention Centers |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (2) |
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Detention Decisions: Delinquents versus Status Offenders |
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106 | (1) |
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Alternatives to Secure Detention |
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107 | (1) |
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Detention Decision Making |
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108 | (2) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Assessing Preadjudication Detention |
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110 | (5) |
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The Role of Legal Factors |
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110 | (1) |
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The Role of Extralegal Factors |
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111 | (3) |
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Reflections on the Use of Pretrial Detention |
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114 | (1) |
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Why Preadjudicatory Diversion? |
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115 | (5) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Formal Diversionary Programs: A Created Need? |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (2) |
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120 | (2) |
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Assessing Preadjudication Diversion |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (5) |
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Critical Review Questions |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (36) |
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132 | (2) |
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A New Court Is Established |
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134 | (1) |
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Jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court |
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134 | (7) |
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Geographical Jurisdiction |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (3) |
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Subject-Matter Jurisdiction |
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138 | (3) |
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The Actors in the Juvenile Courts |
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141 | (9) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (4) |
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Intake Worker and Probation Officers |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (4) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (3) |
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Organization and Structure of Juvenile Courts |
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154 | (2) |
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Issues Facing the Juvenile Court |
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156 | (4) |
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Redefinition of Juvenile Court Jurisdiction |
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156 | (1) |
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Elimination of the Juvenile Court |
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157 | (1) |
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Stature of the Juvenile Court |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Attorneys in the Juvenile Court |
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158 | (1) |
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Transferring Juveniles to Adult Court |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (5) |
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Critical Review Questions |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (32) |
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Defining Probation: The Basics |
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168 | (1) |
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A Brief History of Probation |
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169 | (1) |
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Juvenile Probation Services |
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169 | (5) |
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Intake and Case Screening |
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171 | (1) |
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Social History and Other Investigations |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Delivering Probation Services |
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174 | (4) |
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Formal versus Informal Probation |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (4) |
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178 | (1) |
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Assessing the Conditions of Probation: How Good Must They Be? |
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179 | (3) |
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182 | (1) |
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Probation Revocation: The Legal Issues |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (4) |
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The Organization of Juvenile Probation Agencies |
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187 | (1) |
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The Future of Juvenile Probation |
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188 | (4) |
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Specialization and Job Differentiation |
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189 | (1) |
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Increasing Use of Technology |
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189 | (1) |
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Coordination of Service Delivery |
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190 | (1) |
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Consolidation of Youth-Serving Functions |
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191 | (1) |
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The Role of Parents in Juvenile Probation |
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191 | (1) |
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Reinventing Juvenile Probation |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (5) |
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Critical Review Questions |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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Juvenile Institutional Corrections |
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197 | (34) |
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Historical Developments in Juvenile Corrections |
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199 | (4) |
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The Pre-Industrial Era and Family-Centered Punishments (1600s to 1820s) |
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199 | (1) |
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The Jacksonian Era and the Houses of Refuge (1820s to 1850s) |
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200 | (1) |
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The Victorian-Era Child Savers and Reform Schools (1850s to 1890s) |
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200 | (2) |
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The Progressive-Era Child Savers and Training Schools (1880s to 1920s) |
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202 | (1) |
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The ``Modern Era'' of Juvenile Institutions (1920 to 1970s and Beyond) |
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203 | (1) |
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The Purposes of Secure Correctional Placements |
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203 | (3) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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Organizational Goals: Custody versus Treatment |
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206 | (2) |
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Trends in Juvenile Corrections: Policies and Practices |
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208 | (1) |
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Incarcerated Juveniles: Trends and Inmate Characteristics |
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209 | (8) |
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Trends for Delinquent Offenders |
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210 | (2) |
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Trends for Status Offenders |
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212 | (1) |
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Gender: Trends and Inmate Characteristics |
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213 | (2) |
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Race and Ethnicity: Trends and Inmate Characteristics |
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215 | (2) |
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Inside Juvenile Institutional Corrections |
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217 | (7) |
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Who Is at Risk? Classifying and Assessing Inmates |
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218 | (2) |
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Conditions of Confinement in Juvenile Corrections |
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220 | (4) |
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Unresolved Issues and Legal Dilemmas |
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224 | (3) |
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The Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act |
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224 | (2) |
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Disabled Juveniles in Custody |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (4) |
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Critical Review Questions |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (2) |
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Juvenile Parole and Aftercare |
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231 | (34) |
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The Development of Parole |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
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The Use of Parole as a Prerelease Mechanism |
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238 | (1) |
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The Administration of Juvenile Parole |
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238 | (5) |
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Commitment Length and Parole Duration |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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Parole Officers and Supervision |
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243 | (2) |
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Juvenile Parole Systems and Resource Allocation |
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244 | (1) |
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Parole Conditions and Revocations |
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245 | (4) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (2) |
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Intensive Aftercare Supervision |
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249 | (6) |
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Discretion and Parole Decision Making |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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OJJDP's Intensive Aftercare Program |
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250 | (5) |
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Special-Needs Populations |
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255 | (4) |
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255 | (1) |
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Chemically Dependent Offenders |
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256 | (1) |
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Mentally Ill and Mentally Retarded Offenders |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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Managing Special-Needs Offenders |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (6) |
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Critical Review Questions |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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Nondelinquent Children in the Juvenile Justice System |
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265 | (32) |
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269 | (4) |
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270 | (1) |
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The Juvenile Court Response |
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271 | (1) |
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Changes in Dependency Status |
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271 | (2) |
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Neglected and Abused Children |
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273 | (12) |
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273 | (3) |
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276 | (4) |
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The Scope of the Child Maltreatment Problem |
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280 | (5) |
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The Responsibilities of Investigating Agencies |
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285 | (3) |
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Families, Friends, and Neighbors |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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Child Protective Services |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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Juvenile Court Jurisdiction Issues |
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288 | (5) |
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Jurisdiction over Nondelinquent Children |
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288 | (4) |
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Jurisdiction over Parents and Guardians |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (4) |
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Critical Review Questions |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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Gangs: A Special Juvenile Justice Problem |
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297 | (34) |
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The Golden Era of Gang Studies |
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300 | (2) |
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Gangs and Evolving Delinquency Theory |
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302 | (1) |
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Resurgence of Gangs in the 1980s |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (5) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (1) |
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Recruitment and Initiation |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (2) |
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The Demographics of Gangs |
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313 | (3) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (7) |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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Staying Out and Getting Out |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (5) |
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Critical Review Questions |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (2) |
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331 | (30) |
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334 | (2) |
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The Language of Prevention |
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335 | (1) |
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Delinquency: Its Prevention and Control |
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336 | (1) |
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A Brief History of Delinquency Prevention |
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337 | (3) |
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337 | (2) |
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The Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study |
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339 | (1) |
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The Federal Role in Delinquency Prevention |
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340 | (2) |
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OJJDP and Delinquency Prevention |
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341 | (1) |
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The Landscape of Juvenile Prevention Programs |
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342 | (13) |
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Community-Based Delinquency Prevention |
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344 | (2) |
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School-Based and Education-Related Delinquency Prevention |
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346 | (5) |
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Family-Based Delinquency Prevention |
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351 | (4) |
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355 | (6) |
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Critical Review Questions |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (3) |
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The Future of the Juvenile Justice System |
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361 | (30) |
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The Search for a Guiding Philosophy |
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363 | (5) |
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Past Practices, Future Policies: The Challenges Ahead |
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363 | (3) |
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New Views of Old Ideas: Old Wine in New Casks? |
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366 | (1) |
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The Juvenile Justice System: A Look to the Future |
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366 | (2) |
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Juvenile Justice Personnel in the Future |
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368 | (3) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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Correctional Custody Personnel |
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369 | (1) |
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Community Supervision Personnel |
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370 | (1) |
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Beyond the Best Interests of the Child: Forces Shaping Juvenile Justice Policy |
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371 | (7) |
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Technology and Juvenile Justice Policy |
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372 | (1) |
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Public Opinion and Juvenile Justice Policy |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (3) |
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377 | (1) |
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Evidence-Based and Theory-Based Juvenile Justice |
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378 | (4) |
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Career Criminals and Juvenile Justice Policy |
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378 | (3) |
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Dealing with the Hyper-Delinquent |
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381 | (1) |
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Juvenile Justice: Are Rumors of Its Demise Premature? |
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382 | (4) |
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Keep the Juvenile Justice System |
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383 | (1) |
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One Justice System, One System of Justice |
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383 | (3) |
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386 | (5) |
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Critical Review Questions |
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387 | (1) |
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|
388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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|
389 | (2) |
Glossary |
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391 | (18) |
References |
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409 | (30) |
Author Index |
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439 | (6) |
Subject Index |
|
445 | |