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1 | (273) |
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Research Ethics and Informed Consent |
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2 | (98) |
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Classic Case Presentation: Jesse Gelsinger: The First Gene-Therapy Death |
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3 | (5) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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The ``Informed'' Part of Informed Consent |
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10 | (1) |
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The ``Consent'' Part of Informed Consent |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Medical Research and Medical Therapy |
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12 | (16) |
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Financial Conflict of Interest |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Therapeutic and Nontherapeutic Research |
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15 | (1) |
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Research Involving Children |
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15 | (3) |
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Research Involving Prisoners |
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18 | (2) |
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Research Involving the Poor |
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20 | (1) |
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Research Involving the Terminally Ill |
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20 | (2) |
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Research Involving Fetuses |
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22 | (1) |
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Research Involving Animals |
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23 | (3) |
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Women and Medical Research |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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Ethical Theories: Medical Research and Informed Consent |
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28 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Case Presentation: Baby Fae |
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30 | (2) |
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Social Context: Clinical Trials, HIV, and Pregnancy: A Third-World Tuskegee? |
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32 | (3) |
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Social Context: The Cold-War Radiation Experiments |
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35 | (3) |
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Case Presentation: The Willowbrook Hepatitis Experiments |
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38 | (1) |
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Case Presentation: Echoes of Willowbrook or Tuskegee? Experimenting with Children |
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39 | (1) |
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Case Presentation: The Use of Morally Tainted Sources: The Pernkopf Anatomy |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Consent and Experimentation |
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41 | (21) |
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Phase I Cancer Trials: A Collusion of Misunderstanding |
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41 | (4) |
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Philosophical Reflections on Experimenting with Human Subjects |
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45 | (9) |
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The Willowbrook Letters: Criticism and Defense |
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54 | (3) |
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57 | (4) |
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Principles of the Nuremberg Code |
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61 | (1) |
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The Ethics of Randomized Clinical Trials |
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62 | (12) |
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Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial |
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62 | (4) |
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Clinical Trials: Are They Ethical? |
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66 | (4) |
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The Continuing Unethical Conduct of Underpowered Clinical Trials |
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70 | (4) |
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Relativism and Retrospective Judgments |
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74 | (7) |
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Judging the Past: The Case of the Human Radiation Experiments |
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74 | (7) |
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81 | (13) |
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81 | (7) |
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The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research |
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88 | (6) |
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94 | (6) |
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Physicians, Patients, and Others: Autonomy, Truth Telling, and Confidentiality |
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100 | (77) |
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Classic Case Presentation: Donald (Dax) Cowart Rejects Treatment---and Is Ignored |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (3) |
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State Paternalism in Medical and Health Care |
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107 | (1) |
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Personal Paternalism in Medical and Health Care |
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108 | (1) |
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Informed Consent and Medical Treatment |
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109 | (2) |
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Free and Informed Consent |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Truth Telling in Medicine |
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111 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Confidentiality (Privacy) |
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114 | (2) |
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Breaching Confidentiality |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Federal Privacy Regulations |
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115 | (1) |
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Ethical Theories: Autonomy, Truth Telling, Confidentiality |
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116 | (3) |
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Case Presentation: Medical ID Cards and Privacy |
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119 | (1) |
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Social Context: Autonomy and Pregnancy |
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120 | (4) |
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Case Presentation: The Death of Robyn Twitchell and Christian Science |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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Consent to Medical Treatment |
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126 | (19) |
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126 | (9) |
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Confronting Death: Who Chooses, Who Controls? A Dialogue |
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135 | (4) |
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Transparency: Informed Consent in Primary Care |
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139 | (6) |
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145 | (9) |
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145 | (3) |
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Pregnancy and Prenatal Harm to Offspring |
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148 | (6) |
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154 | (9) |
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On Telling Patients the Truth |
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154 | (2) |
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Respect for Patients, Physicians, and the Truth |
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156 | (7) |
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163 | (8) |
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Confidentiality in Medicine---A Decrepit Concept |
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163 | (3) |
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Supreme Court of California: Decision in the Tarasoff Case |
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166 | (5) |
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171 | (6) |
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177 | (34) |
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Classic Case Presentation: The Way It Was: Tod Thompson, Dallas, 1993--1994 |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Combination Therapy: AIDS on the Run |
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179 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Protease Inhibitors and Combination Drug Therapy |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (3) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Case Presentation: Will Teresa Blair Take Her Medicine? |
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187 | (1) |
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Social Context: What About a Vaccine? |
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188 | (1) |
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Social Context: AIDS in Africa: What Should Be Done? |
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189 | (4) |
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193 | (1) |
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Responsibility and Confidentiality |
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193 | (5) |
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The Irresponsibility That Spreads AIDS |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Controlling HIV/AIDS Forever: Guidelines for Using Protease Inhibitors |
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195 | (3) |
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198 | (3) |
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Insurers Are Right on AIDS Testing |
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198 | (2) |
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An Insidious Test for AIDS |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (6) |
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Human Rights and Maternal---Fetal HIV Transmission Prevention Trials in Africa |
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201 | (4) |
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We're Trying to Help Our Sickest People, Not Exploit Them |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (4) |
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Race, Gender, and Medicine |
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211 | (62) |
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Classic Case Presentation: Bad Blood, Bad Faith: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (1) |
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African Americans and Health Care |
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216 | (6) |
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Programs Haven't Eliminated the Difference |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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American Indians and Alaska Natives and Health Care |
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222 | (2) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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Asian and Pacific Islanders and Health Care |
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224 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Hispanic Americans/Latinos and Health Care |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (5) |
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Include Women, Study Women |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (1) |
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Case Presentation: Lee Lor: Caught in a Culture Conflict |
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233 | (2) |
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Social Context: The Mammography Debate |
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235 | (5) |
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Social Context: The Prostate Cancer Epidemic |
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240 | (3) |
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243 | (1) |
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Perspectives on Gender and Race |
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243 | (11) |
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Gender, Race, and Class in the Delivery of Health Care |
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243 | (5) |
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Bioethics: The Need for a Dialogue with African Americans |
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248 | (6) |
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254 | (8) |
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Women and Underserved Populations: Access to Clinical Trials |
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254 | (5) |
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The Dangers of Difference: The Legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study |
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259 | (3) |
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262 | (7) |
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The Demise of Affirmative Action and the Future of Health Care |
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262 | (2) |
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Parties to the Social Contract? Justice and Health Care for Undocumented Immigrants |
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264 | (5) |
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269 | (4) |
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273 | (178) |
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274 | (91) |
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Classic Case Presentation: The Stem-Cell Debate |
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275 | (4) |
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279 | (1) |
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Genetic Intervention: Screening, Counseling, and Diagnosis |
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280 | (12) |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (3) |
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285 | (1) |
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Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis |
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286 | (3) |
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Ethical Difficulties with Genetic Intervention |
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289 | (3) |
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292 | (3) |
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Negative and Positive Eugenics |
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292 | (2) |
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Use of Desirable Germ Cells |
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294 | (1) |
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Ethical Difficulties with Eugenics |
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294 | (1) |
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Genetic Research, Therapy, and Technology |
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295 | (5) |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (2) |
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Ethical Difficulties with Genetic Research, Therapy, and Technology |
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299 | (1) |
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Social Context: The Holy Grail of Biology: The Human Genome Project |
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300 | (3) |
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Case Presentation: Huntington's Disease: Genetic Testing and Ethical Dilemmas |
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303 | (3) |
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Social Context: Genetic Testing and Screening |
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306 | (4) |
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Case Presentation: Gene Therapy |
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310 | (4) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (7) |
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President's Council on Bioethics: Cloning and Stem Cells |
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314 | (4) |
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Pontifical Academy for Life: Declaration on the Production and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells |
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318 | (1) |
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Regulated Cloning for Biomedical Research |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (7) |
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Pitfalls of Genetic Testing |
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321 | (3) |
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Disowning Knowledge: Issues in Genetic Testing |
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324 | (4) |
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328 | (10) |
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Genetic Dilemmas and the Child's Right to an Open Future |
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328 | (10) |
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Genetic Testing and Reproductive Decisions |
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338 | (13) |
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Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral? |
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338 | (6) |
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Implications of Prenatal Diagnosis for the Human Right to Life |
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344 | (7) |
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351 | (10) |
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Germ-Line Therapy and the Medical Imperative |
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351 | (10) |
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361 | (4) |
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365 | (86) |
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Classic Case Presentation: Hello, Dolly: The Advent of Reproductive Cloning |
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366 | (4) |
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370 | (1) |
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IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, and Other Techniques |
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371 | (2) |
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371 | (1) |
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GIFT, ZIFT, IVC, ULER, PZD, ICSI, DNA Transfer, and CD |
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372 | (1) |
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Need, Success Rates, and Costs of Assisted Reproduction |
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373 | (3) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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Gestational Surrogates and Donor Ova |
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375 | (1) |
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Criticisms of Assisted Reproduction Practices |
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376 | (1) |
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Benefits of IVF and Other Forms of Assisted Reproduction |
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376 | (1) |
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Ethical and Social Difficulties |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (4) |
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380 | (1) |
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Reasons for Seeking Artificial Insemination |
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380 | (1) |
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Types of Artificial Insemination |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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Issues in Artificial Insemination |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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Ethical Theories and Reproductive Control |
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384 | (1) |
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Case Presentation: Louise Brown: The First ``Test-Tube Baby'' |
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385 | (2) |
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Case Presentation: Septuplets: The Perils of Multiple Pregnancies |
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387 | (1) |
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Social Context: Postmenopausal Motherhood |
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388 | (2) |
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Social Context: Father Shopping: Sperm by Mail |
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390 | (1) |
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Case Presentation: Baby M and Mary Beth Whitehead: Surrogate Pregnancy in Court |
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390 | (2) |
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Case Presentation: The Calvert Case: A Gestational Surrogate Changes Her Mind |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (25) |
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Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith: Instruction on Respect for Human Life in Its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation: Replies to Certain Questions of the Day |
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393 | (8) |
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The Right to Lesbian Parenthood |
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401 | (3) |
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``Give Me Children or I Shall Die!'' New Reproductive Technologies and Harm to Children |
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404 | (10) |
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Medical Miracle or Medical Mischief? The Saga of the McCaughey Septuplets |
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414 | (4) |
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418 | (15) |
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Surrogate Motherhood as Prenatal Adoption |
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418 | (7) |
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Is Women's Labor a Commodity? |
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425 | (8) |
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433 | (14) |
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433 | (5) |
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National Bioethics Advisory Commission: Cloning Human Beings: Ethical Considerations |
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438 | (9) |
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447 | (4) |
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451 | (108) |
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452 | (55) |
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Classic Case Presentation: Selection Committee for Dialysis |
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453 | (3) |
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456 | (1) |
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Transplants, Kidneys, and Machines |
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457 | (3) |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (1) |
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Seattle and Kidney Machines |
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458 | (1) |
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Dialysis Costs and Decisions |
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459 | (1) |
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Microallocation Versus Macroallocation |
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460 | (1) |
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Ethical Theories and the Allocation of Medical Resources |
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461 | (1) |
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Social Context: Acquiring and Allocating Transplant Organs |
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462 | (7) |
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Case Presentation: Sandra Jensen Gets a Transplant |
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469 | (1) |
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Case Presentation: The Ayalas' Solution: Having a Child to Save a Life |
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470 | (1) |
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Social Context: Fetal-Cell Implants |
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471 | (3) |
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Case Presentation: Drug Lottery: The Betaseron Shortage |
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474 | (1) |
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475 | (1) |
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475 | (8) |
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The Allocation of Exotic Medical Lifesaving Therapy |
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475 | (8) |
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Acquiring Transplant Organs |
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483 | (10) |
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The Donor's Right to Take a Risk |
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483 | (2) |
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Conscription of Cadaveric Organs for Transplantation: Let's at Least Talk About It |
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485 | (4) |
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489 | (1) |
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Ethics of Paid Organ Donation |
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490 | (3) |
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Allocating Transplant Organs |
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493 | (9) |
|
The Prostitute, the Playboy, and the Poet: Rationing Schemes for Organ Transplantation |
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|
493 | (5) |
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|
Carl Cohen, Martin Benjamin, and the Ethics and Social Impact Committee of the Transplant and Health Policy Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Alcoholics and Liver Transplantation |
|
|
498 | (4) |
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502 | (5) |
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507 | (52) |
|
Classic Case Presentation: Robert Ingram: Dilemma of the Working Poor |
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508 | (1) |
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509 | (1) |
|
Claim-Rights, Legal Rights, and Statutory Rights |
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510 | (1) |
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510 | (1) |
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511 | (1) |
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511 | (2) |
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512 | (1) |
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Social Context: Costs of Care |
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513 | (5) |
|
Social Context: Solving the Problem? |
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518 | (5) |
|
Case Presentation: The Canadian System as a Model for the United States? |
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523 | (5) |
|
Case Presentation: Employer-Mandated Health Insurance: The Hawaiian Example |
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528 | (1) |
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529 | (1) |
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529 | (13) |
|
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine: An Ethical Framework for Access to Health Care |
|
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529 | (8) |
|
Is There a Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care? |
|
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537 | (5) |
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|
Managed Care and Rationing |
|
|
542 | (7) |
|
The Doctor as Double Agent |
|
|
542 | (4) |
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|
|
Wanted: A Clearly Articulated Social Ethic for American Health Care |
|
|
546 | (3) |
|
|
|
Alternatives to the Present System |
|
|
549 | (5) |
|
The Forgotten Domestic Crisis |
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
|
|
The Benefits of Privatization |
|
|
551 | (3) |
|
|
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|
554 | (5) |
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|
|
559 | (182) |
|
|
|
560 | (71) |
|
Classic Case Presentation: When Abortion Was Illegal: Mrs. Sherri Finkbine and the Thalidomide Tragedy |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Human Development and Abortion |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Pregnancy, Abortion, and the Rights of Women |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Ethical Theories and Abortion |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
Social Context: How Americans View Abortion: Tolerant Ambivalence |
|
|
568 | (3) |
|
Social Context: The ``Partial-Birth Abortion'' Controversy |
|
|
571 | (4) |
|
Social Context: Crucial Legal and Policy Decisions |
|
|
575 | (4) |
|
Social Context: RU-486---The ``Abortion Pill'' |
|
|
579 | (3) |
|
Social Context: The ``Morning-After Pill'' |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
|
583 | (29) |
|
An Almost Absolute Value in History |
|
|
583 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
587 | (9) |
|
|
|
On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion |
|
|
596 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
605 | (4) |
|
|
|
The Morality of Abortion and the Deprivation of Futures |
|
|
609 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
|
612 | (10) |
|
Abortion Through a Feminist Ethic Lens |
|
|
612 | (4) |
|
|
|
A Case for Pro-life Feminism |
|
|
616 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
622 | (4) |
|
Thomson, the Right to Life, and Partial-Birth Abortion |
|
|
622 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
626 | (5) |
|
Impaired Infants and Medical Futility |
|
|
631 | (56) |
|
Classic Case Presentation: Baby Owens: Down Syndrome and Duodenal Atresia |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
Genetic and Congenital Impairments |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
|
634 | (2) |
|
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Problems of Extreme Prematurity |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Ethical Theories and the Problem of Birth Impairments |
|
|
637 | (2) |
|
Social Context: The Dilemma of Extreme Prematurity |
|
|
639 | (4) |
|
Social Context: The Baby Doe Cases |
|
|
643 | (2) |
|
Case Presentation: Baby K: An Anencephalic Infant and a Mother's Request |
|
|
645 | (2) |
|
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
The Status of Impaired Infants |
|
|
647 | (17) |
|
Examination of Arguments in Favor of Withholding Ordinary Medical Care from Defective Infants |
|
|
647 | (6) |
|
|
|
Ethical Issues in Aiding the Death of Young Children |
|
|
653 | (5) |
|
H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr. |
|
|
Life-and-Death Decisions in the Midst of Uncertainty |
|
|
658 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
664 | (7) |
|
Avoiding Anomalous Newborns |
|
|
664 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
|
671 | (10) |
|
|
|
671 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
Medical Futility: Commentary |
|
|
676 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
681 | (6) |
|
Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide |
|
|
687 | (54) |
|
Classic Case Presentation: Karen Quinlan: The Debate Begins |
|
|
688 | (2) |
|
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
Active and Passive Euthanasia |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
Voluntary, Involuntary, and Nonvoluntary Euthanasia |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
|
|
693 | (2) |
|
Ethical Theories and Euthanasia |
|
|
695 | (2) |
|
Social Context: The Physician-Assisted Suicide Law in Oregon |
|
|
697 | (4) |
|
Case Presentation: The Cruzan Case: The Supreme Court Upholds the Right to Die in a Landmark Decision |
|
|
701 | (2) |
|
Case Presentation: Dr. Jack Kevorkian: Physician-Assisted Suicide Activist |
|
|
703 | (2) |
|
Case Presentation: A Canadian Tragedy |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Social Context: Physician-Assisted Suicide: The Dutch Experience |
|
|
706 | (2) |
|
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
The Case Against Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide |
|
|
708 | (8) |
|
The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia |
|
|
708 | (3) |
|
|
|
When Self-Determination Runs Amok |
|
|
711 | (5) |
|
|
|
The Case for Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide |
|
|
716 | (14) |
|
When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok |
|
|
716 | (4) |
|
|
|
Active and Passive Euthanasia |
|
|
720 | (3) |
|
|
|
Voluntary Active Euthanasia |
|
|
723 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
|
730 | (4) |
|
Lonnie R. Bristow for the American Medical Association: Physician-Assisted Suicide |
|
|
730 | (3) |
|
Terminal, but Not Hopeless |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
|
|
Deciding for the Incompetent |
|
|
734 | (2) |
|
Supreme Court of New Jersey: In the Matter of Karen Quinlan, an Alleged Incompetent |
|
|
734 | (2) |
|
|
|
736 | (5) |
|
PART V: FOUNDATIONS OF BIOETHICS: ETHICAL THEORIES, MORAL PRINCIPLES, AND MEDICAL DECISIONS |
|
|
741 | (51) |
|
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
|
|
744 | (8) |
|
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
Act and Rule Utilitarianism |
|
|
746 | (4) |
|
Preference Utilitarianism |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Difficulties with Utilitarianism |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
|
|
752 | (5) |
|
The Categorical Imperative |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
Kant's Ethics in the Medical Context |
|
|
754 | (2) |
|
Difficulties with Kantian Ethics |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
|
|
757 | (4) |
|
Moral Properties and Rules |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Actual Duties and Prima Facie Duties |
|
|
758 | (2) |
|
Ross's Ethics in the Medical Context |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
Difficulties with Ross's Moral Rules |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
Rawls's Theory of Justice |
|
|
761 | (5) |
|
The Original Position and the Principles of Justice |
|
|
761 | (2) |
|
Rawls's Theory of Justice in the Medical Context |
|
|
763 | (2) |
|
Difficulties with Rawls's Theory |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
Natural Law Ethics and Moral Theology |
|
|
766 | (5) |
|
Purposes, Reasons, and the Moral Law as Interpreted by Roman Catholicism |
|
|
766 | (2) |
|
Applications of Roman Catholic Moral-Theological Viewpoints in the Medical Context |
|
|
768 | (2) |
|
Difficulties with Natural Law Ethics and Moral Theology |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
The Principle of Nonmaleficence |
|
|
771 | (2) |
|
The Principle of Beneficence |
|
|
773 | (2) |
|
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
Principles of Distributive Justice |
|
|
776 | (3) |
|
The Principle of Equality |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
The Principle of Contribution |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
The Principle of Autonomy |
|
|
779 | (5) |
|
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
Autonomy and Decision Making |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
|
|
782 | (2) |
|
Theories Without Principles |
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
|
|
784 | (2) |
|
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
Virtue Ethics in the Medical Context |
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
Difficulties with Virtue Ethics |
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
|
|
786 | (4) |
|
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
Care Ethics in the Medical Context |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
Difficulties with Care Ethics |
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
|
790 | (2) |
|
Feminist Ethics in the Medical Context |
|
|
791 | (1) |
|
Difficulties with Feminist Ethics |
|
|
792 | (1) |
| Retrospect |
|
792 | (2) |
| Notes and References |
|
794 | |
Other versions by this Author