Hvdc and Facts Controllers,9781402078903

Hvdc and Facts Controllers

by
ISBN13: 9781402078903
ISBN10: 1402078900
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2004-04-01
Publisher(s): Kluwer Academic Pub
List Price: $219.99

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Summary

HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications of Static Converters in Power Systems focuses on the technical advances and developments that have taken place in the past ten years or so in the fields of High Voltage DC transmission and Flexible AC transmission systems. These advances (in HVDC transmission and FACTS) have added a new dimension to power transmission capabilities. The book covers a wide variety of topics, some of which are listed below:-Current Source and Voltage Source Converters, -Synchronization Techniques for Power Converters, -Capacitor Commutated Converters, -Active Filters, -Typical Disturbances on HVDC Systems, -Simulation Techniques, -Static Var Compensators based on Chain Link Converters, -Advanced Controllers, -Trends in Modern HVDC. In addition to EHV transmission, HVDC technology has impacted on a number of other areas as well. As an example, a chapter dealing with HVDC Light applications is included providing recent information on both on-shore and off-shore applications of wind farms. HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications of Static Converters in Power Systems is meant for senior undergraduate, graduate students and professional power systems engineers. Mathematical treatment of the subject has been kept to a minimum and emphasis has been placed on principles and practical applications. Applications from major manufacturers are included to provide useable information for the practicing power systems engineer.

Table of Contents

Preface xvii
Acronyms xxi
1. INTRODUCTION TO HVDC TRANSMISSION
1(14)
1.1 Introduction
1(4)
1.2 Comparison of AC-DC Transmission
5(7)
1.2.1 Evaluation of Transmission Cost
1.2.2 Evaluation of Technical Consideration
1.2.3 Evaluation of Reliability and Availability Costs
1.2.4 Applications of dc Transmission
1.3 Types of HVDC Systems
12(1)
1.3.1 Monopolar Link
1.3.2 Bipolar Link
1.3.3 Homopolar ink
1.4 References
13(2)
2. TYPES OF CONVERTERS
15(24)
2.1 Introduction
15(2)
2.2 Current Source Converters (CSC)
17(9)
2.2.1 Case with no overlap period
2.2.2 Case with overlap period less than 60 degrees
2.3 Voltage Source Converters (VSC)
26(12)
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Control of the DC Capacitor Voltage
2.3.3 VSC with AC Current Control
2.3.4 VSC with AC Voltage Control
2.4 Closing Remarks
38(1)
2.5 References
38(1)
3. SYNCHRONIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR POWER CONVERTERS
39(28)
3.1 Introduction
39(1)
3.2 Review of GFUs
40(2)
3.2.1 Individual Phase Control (IPC) Unit
3.2.2 Equi-Distant Pulse Control (EPC) Unit
3.3 GFUs - Design And Analysis
42(8)
3.3.1 Conventional GFU
3.3.2 DQO GFU
3.3.3 Comparison
3.4 Tests On GFUs
50(4)
3.4.1 Loss of Synchronization Voltage
3.4.2 Harmonic Distortion Test
3.5 EMTP Simulation Of A Test System
54(11)
3.5.1 Start-up Of System Model
3.5.2 10% Step Change In Current Order
3.5.3 Single Phase Fault
3.5.4 DC Line Fault
3.6 Conclusions
65(1)
3.7 Acknowledgement
65(1)
3.8 References
65(2)
4. HVDC CONTROLS
67(28)
4.1 Historical Background
67(2)
4.2 Functions of HVDC Controls
69(2)
4.3 Control Basics for a Two-terminal DC Link
71(4)
4.4 Current Margin Control Method
75(5)
4.4.1 Rectifier Mode of Operation
4.4.2 Inverter Mode of Operation
4.5 Current Control at the Rectifier
80(2)
4.6 Inverter Extinction Angle Control
82(5)
4.6.1 Measurement of Gamma - Approach 1
4.6.2 Prediction of Gamma - Approach 2
4.7 Hierarchy of Controls
87(5)
4.7.1 Bipole Controller (Figure 4-14)
4.7.2 Pole Controller (Figure 4-15)
4.7.3 Valve Group Controller (Figure 4-16)
4.8 Action By Controls After a Disturbance
92(1)
4.9 References
93(2)
5. FORCED COMMUTATED HVDC CONVERTERS
95(22)
5.1 Introduction
95(1)
5.2 Commutation Techniques for HVDC Converters
96(12)
5.2.1 Definition of Commutation
5.2.2 Line (or Natural) Commutation
5.2.3 Circuit Commutation
5.2.4 Series Capacitor Circuit
5.2.5 Self-Commutation
5.2.6 Voltage Source Converters
5.2.7 Regions of Converter Operation
5.3 Examples of FC Converters for HVDC Transmission
108(6)
5.3.1 Circuit-Commutated Converters
5.3.2 Self-Commutated Converters
5.4 References
114(3)
6. CAPACITOR COMMUTATED CONVERTERS FOR HVDC SYSTEMS
117(22)
6.1 Capacitor Commutated Converters (CCC)
117(4)
6.1.1 Reactive Power Management
6.1.2 Thyristor Valve Modules
6.2 Controlled Series Capacitor Converter (CSCC)
121(1)
6.3 Comparison of CCC and CSCC
121(8)
6.3.1 Steady State Performance
6.3.2 Transient Performance
6.4 Garabi Interconnection between Argentina-Brazil
129(8)
6.4.1 Valve Stresses
6.4.2 AC Switchyard
6.4.3 AC Filters
6.4.4 Thyristor Valves Modules
6.4.5 Modular Design Benefits
6.5 Closing Remarks
137(1)
6.6 Acknowledgement
137(1)
6.7 References
137(2)
7. STATIC COMPENSATORS: STATCOM BASED ON CHAIN-LINK CONVERTERS
139(12)
7.1 Introduction
139(4)
7.1.1 Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
7.2 The Chainlink Converter
143(4)
7.2.1 Chain Link Ratings
7.2.2 Losses
7.3 Advantages of the Chain Circuit STATCOM
147(1)
7.4 Design for Production
148(1)
7.5 Acknowledgement
149(1)
7.6 References
149(2)
8. HVDC SYSTEMS USING VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTERS
151(26)
8.1 Introduction
151(1)
8.2 Basic Elements of HVDC using VSCs
152(2)
8.2.1 Voltage Source Converters
8.2.2 The XLPE Cables
8.3 Voltage Source Converter
154(7)
8.3.1 Operating Principles of a VSC
8.3.2 Design Considerations
8.4 Applications
161(5)
8.4.1 In Environmentally Sensitive Locations, i.e. City Centres
8.4.2 Infeeds of Small Scale Renewable
8.4.3 Power From Wind Farms
8.4.4 Increasing Capacity on Existing RoW
8.4.5 Improved Reliability of City Centres
8.5 Tjaereborg Windpower Project in Denmark
166(4)
8.5.1 Description of the Project
8.5.2 Main Data
8.5.3 Operational Regime of the VSC
8.5.4 Power Quality
8.5.5 Control System
8.5.6 DC Cable
8.5.7 Building
8.5.8 Performed Tests on Site
8.5.9 Advantages
8.6 Power Supply to Remote Locations (i.e. Islands)
170(2)
8.6.1 The Gotland Island System
8.7 Asynchronous Inter-Connections
172(4)
8.7.1 Directlink Project - New South Wales and Queensland
8.7.2 Main System Components
8.7.3 Control System
8.8 Concluding Remarks
176(1)
8.9 Acknowledgement
176(1)
8.10 References
176(1)
9. ACTIVE FILTERS
177(16)
9.1 Introduction
177(4)
9.2 DC Filters
181(1)
9.3 AC Filters
181(9)
9.3.1 Test System
9.3.2 Control Philosophy
9.3.3 Test Results
9.4 Concluding Remarks
190(1)
9.5 Acknowledgement
191(1)
9.6 References
191(2)
10. TYPICAL DISTURBANCES IN HVDC SYSTEMS 193(22)
10.1 Introduction
193(1)
10.2 CIGRE Benchmark Model for HVDC Control Studies
194(3)
10.3 Details of Control Systems Used
197(5)
10.3.1 Rectifier Control Unit
10.3.2 Inverter Control Unit
10.4 Results
202(12)
10.4.1 Controller Optimization Tests
10.4.2 Mode Shift Test
10.4.3 Single-Phase 1-Cycle Fault at the Inverter (Single Commutation Failures)
10.4.4 Single-Phase 5-Cycle Fault at the Inverter (Multiple Commutation Failures)
10.4.5 3-Phase 5-Cycle Fault at the Inverter
10.4.6 1-Phase 5-Cycle Fault at the Rectifier
10.4.7 3-Phase 5-Cycle Fault at the Rectifier
10.4.8 DC Line Fault at the Rectifier Side
10.4.9 DC Line Fault at the Inverter Side
10.5 Closing Remarks
214(1)
10.6 Acknowledgement
214(1)
10.7 References
214(1)
11. ADVANCED CONTROLLERS 215(16)
11.1 Introduction
215(1)
11.2 Application of an Advanced VDCL Unit
216(13)
11.2.1 Introduction
11.2.2 Fuzzy Inference
11.2.3 Structure of RBF NN
11.2.4 Methodology
11.2.5 HVDC System Considered for the Study
11.2.6 Results and Discussions
11.3 Conclusions
229(1)
11.4 Acknowledgement
229(1)
11.5 References
229(2)
12. MEASUREMENT/MONITORING ASPECTS 231(6)
12.1 Introduction
231(1)
12.2 Monitoring of Signals
231(2)
12.3 Protection Against Over-currents
233(2)
12.4 Protection Against Over-voltages
235(1)
12.5 Acknowledgement
236(1)
12.6 References
236(1)
13. CASE STUDIES OF AC-DC SYSTEM INTERACTIONS 237(16)
13.1 Introduction
237(1)
13.2 AC-DC system inter-actions
237(2)
13.2.1 System Aspects
13.2.2 DC Controller Aspects
13.3 Multi-terminal HVDC systems
239(9)
13.3.1 Remote 3 Phase Fault At Rectifier 1
13.3.2 Commutation Failure At The Small Inverter 2
13.4 Harmonic inter-actions at Chandrapur HVDC station
248(3)
13.5 Conclusions
251(1)
13.6 Acknowledgement
251(1)
13.7 References
251(2)
14. SIMULATORS FOR ANALYZES OF POWER SYSTEM PHENOMENA 253(22)
14.1 Introduction
253(1)
14.2 The IREQ Hybrid Simulator
254(4)
14.2.1 Modelling Techniques
14.3 Off-line Digital Simulation Packages
258(7)
14.3.1 EMTP
14.3.2 EMTDC/PSCAD
14.4 Real-time Digital Simulators
265(7)
14.4.1 Methodology
14.4.2 Hardware Considerations
14.4.3 Software Considerations
14.4.4 Graphical User Interface (GUI)
14.4.5 Validation of Real-time Digital Simulators
14.4.6 Hardware Implementations
14.5 Present and Future Trends
272(1)
14.6 Acknowledgement
273(1)
14.7 References
273(2)
15. MODERN HVDC - STATE OF THE ART 275(16)
15.1 Introduction
275(1)
15.2 Past Decade Version
275(1)
15.3 Present Decade Version
276(13)
15.3.1 Thyristor Valves
15.3.2 Self-commutated Valves
15.3.3 Active Filters
15.3.4 Tunable AC Filter
15.3.5 AC-DC Measurements
15.3.6 DSP Controllers
15.3.7 Compact Station Design
15.3.8 Deep Hole Ground Electrode
15.4 Concluding Remarks
289(1)
15.5 Acknowledgement
290(1)
15.6 References
290(1)
INDEX 291(6)
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 297

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