Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxi | |
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Part I Basic Confined Space |
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Introduction to Confined Spaces |
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3 | (8) |
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Why All The Concern about Confined Spaces? |
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3 | (2) |
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OSHA's Response: The Permit-Required Confined Spaces Standard |
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5 | (1) |
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What are Confined Spaces? |
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5 | (1) |
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Size and Configuration Make Entry Possible |
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5 | (1) |
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Spaces Not Designed for Continuous Worker Occupancy |
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6 | (1) |
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Restricted Means for Entry and Exit |
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6 | (1) |
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Nonpermit versus Permit-Required Confined Spaces |
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6 | (1) |
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What Hazards Make a Confined Space Permit-Required? |
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6 | (3) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Entrapping Configurations |
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8 | (1) |
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Other Significant Safety or Health Hazards |
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8 | (1) |
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The Importance of Confined Space Recognition |
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9 | (1) |
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The Intent of OSHA's Permit-Required Confined Spaces Standard |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Regulatory and Administrative Aspects of Confined Space Entry and Rescue |
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11 | (18) |
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State and Federal Regulations |
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11 | (8) |
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U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
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12 | (5) |
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Permit Program Requirements |
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17 | (2) |
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Personnel Roles and Training Requirements |
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19 | (5) |
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Training and Duties of Authorized Entrants |
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19 | (1) |
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Training and Duties of Attendants |
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20 | (1) |
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Training and Duties of Entry Supervisors |
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21 | (1) |
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Requirements for Rescue and Emergency Services Personnel |
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21 | (3) |
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National Fire Protection Association Standards |
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24 | (2) |
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NFPA 1670, Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Rescue Incidents |
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24 | (1) |
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NFPA 1006, Standard for Rescue Technician Professional Qualifications |
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25 | (1) |
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NFPA 1983, Standard on Fire Service Life Safety Rope and System Components |
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25 | (1) |
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NFPA 1404, Standard for a Fire Department Self-Controlled Breathing Apparatus Program |
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26 | (1) |
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Additional Standards and Guidelines |
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26 | (1) |
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American National Standards Institute (ANSI) |
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26 | (1) |
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American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) |
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27 | (1) |
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National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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Identifying Confined Space Hazards |
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29 | (26) |
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30 | (6) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (1) |
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Physical Hazards Safety Analysis |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (10) |
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37 | (1) |
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Toxic and Asphyxiating Chemicals |
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38 | (8) |
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Fire and Explosion Hazards |
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46 | (4) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Label and Placard Hazard Recognition |
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51 | (2) |
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DOT Hazard Classification System |
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51 | (1) |
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NFPA Hazard Ranking System |
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52 | (1) |
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HMIS Hazard Labeling System |
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53 | (1) |
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Summary: Prevention through Assessment |
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53 | (2) |
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Air Monitoring in Confined Spaces |
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55 | (24) |
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55 | (6) |
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Normal Permit-Required Entry |
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55 | (2) |
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Entry Using Alternate Procedures |
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57 | (1) |
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Reclassifying a Space as a Non-Permit-Required Confined Space |
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58 | (1) |
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Employee Observation of Monitoring and Results |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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Appendix E: ``Sewer System Entry'' |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Air Sampling in Confined Spaces |
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61 | (3) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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Real-Time Monitoring with Direct-Reading Instruments |
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64 | (10) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Measuring Combustible Gases and Vapors |
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66 | (1) |
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Measuring Toxic Atmospheres |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (3) |
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74 | (2) |
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Modes of Operation of Detector Tubes |
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74 | (1) |
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Pumps for Use with Detector Tubes |
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74 | (1) |
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Limitations of Detector Tubes |
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75 | (1) |
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Challenges to Interpreting Air Monitoring Results |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Unidentified Contaminants |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (12) |
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Summary of the Permit Program |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (8) |
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Written Information on the Permit |
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81 | (7) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (3) |
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Part II Protective Measures |
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Controlling Confined Space Hazards |
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91 | (28) |
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The Role of Hazard Control in Confined Space Operations |
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91 | (1) |
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Controlling Atmospheric Hazards |
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92 | (17) |
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Basic Concepts of Purging and Ventilation |
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92 | (1) |
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Strategies and Techniques of Purging and Ventilation |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (4) |
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Considerations for Conducting Confined Space Ventilation |
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99 | (7) |
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Pitfalls and Problems of Ventilation |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (4) |
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The Role of Isolation in Preventing Confined Space Incidents |
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109 | (1) |
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Lockout/Tagout and Other Isolation Procedures |
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109 | (2) |
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Tagout Alone as an Isolation Procedure |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Problems in Achieving a True Zero-Energy State |
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112 | (1) |
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Special Considerations for Isolation Procedures during Rescue Operations |
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112 | (1) |
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Other Hazard Control Procedures |
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113 | (4) |
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Controlling Hazards of the Work Area and Incident Scene |
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113 | (1) |
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Using Barricades and Barriers |
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114 | (1) |
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Zoning the Work Area or Incident Scene |
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114 | (1) |
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Isolating a Particular Location from the Rest of the Space |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Controlling Ignition Sources |
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115 | (1) |
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Controlling Electrical Hazards |
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116 | (1) |
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Controlling General Hazards of the Working Environment |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (28) |
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119 | (5) |
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OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard |
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119 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Basic Operation of Respirators |
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124 | (7) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (5) |
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130 | (1) |
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Selection and Use Considerations for Confined Space Entry |
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131 | (4) |
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Selection Considerations for APRs |
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131 | (2) |
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Selection Considerations for Supplied-Air Respirators |
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133 | (1) |
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Selection Considerations for SCBAs |
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134 | (1) |
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Special Considerations for Using SCBAs and SARs During Confined Space Emergencies |
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135 | (3) |
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Emergency Breathing Procedures |
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135 | (2) |
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Reduced Profile Maneuvers |
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137 | (1) |
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Fit Testing and Assigned Protection Factors |
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138 | (4) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Approved Fit Test Protocols |
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140 | (2) |
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Care and Maintenance of Respirators |
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142 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (3) |
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Chemical Protective Clothing |
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147 | (16) |
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Selection of Chemical Protective Clothing |
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147 | (7) |
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148 | (1) |
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Measurement of Chemical Attack |
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149 | (1) |
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CPC Material Selection Information |
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149 | (2) |
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Using CPC Material Selection Information |
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151 | (2) |
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Selection Considerations for Confined Spaces |
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153 | (1) |
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Types of Protective Clothing |
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154 | (3) |
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Chemical Protective Garments |
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154 | (1) |
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Protective Clothing for Nonchemical Hazards |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Care and Maintenance of CPC |
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159 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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Personal Safety Equipment |
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163 | (16) |
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163 | (4) |
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Standards and Regulations |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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Head Protection in Confined Spaces |
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166 | (1) |
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Proper Use of Head Protection |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (4) |
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168 | (1) |
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Types of Face and Eye Protection |
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169 | (2) |
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Special Features of Eye Protectors |
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171 | (1) |
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Proper Use of Face and Eye Protection |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (3) |
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OSHA's Hearing Conservation Standard |
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171 | (1) |
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Types of Personal Hearing Protective Devices |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Use of Hearing Protectors |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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Types of Protective Gloves |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Features of Protective Footwear |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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Safe Use of Personal Protective Equipment |
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179 | (12) |
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179 | (3) |
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General Requirements Standard |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (2) |
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Comprehensive Written PPE Program |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (5) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (3) |
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187 | (4) |
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Part III Equipment and Entry |
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Ropes, Webbing, Harnesses, and Hardware |
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191 | (56) |
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Standards Related to Equipment |
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191 | (3) |
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191 | (2) |
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Overview of OSHA Requirements |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (11) |
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NFPA 1983 Requirements for Rope |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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Methods of Rope Construction |
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197 | (2) |
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Selection and Use Considerations for Rope |
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199 | (6) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (3) |
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NFPA 1983 Requirements for Webbing |
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205 | (1) |
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OSHA Requirements for Webbing |
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206 | (1) |
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Materials and Methods of Webbing Construction |
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206 | (2) |
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Care and Maintenance of Webbing |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (4) |
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ANSI Classification of Harnesses and Belts |
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208 | (1) |
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NFPA 1983 Classification of Harnesses and Belts |
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209 | (2) |
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OSHA Classification of Belts and Harnesses |
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211 | (1) |
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Harness Use in Confined Space Operations |
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211 | (1) |
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Inspection and Care of Harnesses |
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212 | (1) |
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Shock Absorbers and Lanyards |
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212 | (3) |
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NFPA 1983 Requirements for Lanyards and Shock Absorbers |
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212 | (1) |
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OSHA Requirements for Lanyards and Shock Absorbers |
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212 | (1) |
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Shock Absorber Designs and Ratings |
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212 | (3) |
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Use Considerations for Shock Absorbers |
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215 | (1) |
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Inspection and Care of Lanyards and Shock Absorbers |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (24) |
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General Procedures for Inspection, Care, and Maintenance of Hardware |
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215 | (1) |
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General Considerations for Using Hardware |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (10) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (4) |
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230 | (3) |
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233 | (6) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Edge Pads, Rollers, and Sliders |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (5) |
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NFPA Requirements for Portable Anchor Systems |
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242 | (3) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (18) |
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Strength Reduction Due to Knots |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (15) |
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The Figure 8 Family of Knots |
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249 | (4) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (8) |
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264 | (1) |
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Rigging and Using Basic Systems for Confined Space Operations |
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265 | (58) |
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Overview of Basic Rigging |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (23) |
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266 | (2) |
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Selection and Designation of Anchor Points |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (15) |
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General Rules for Rigging Anchor Systems |
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285 | (4) |
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Rigging Basic Systems for Hauling or Lowering a Load |
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289 | (15) |
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289 | (15) |
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Rigging for Change of Direction |
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304 | (3) |
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Applications for Directional Pulleys |
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304 | (1) |
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Rigging Directional Pulleys |
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304 | (3) |
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Portable Anchor Systems and Winch Operations |
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307 | (2) |
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307 | (1) |
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Other Portable Anchor Systems |
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308 | (1) |
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Using Winches in Confined Space Operations |
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308 | (1) |
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Rigging and Using Safety Belay Systems |
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309 | (11) |
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Basic Rigging for Safety Belays |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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Using the Munter Hitch Belay |
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310 | (3) |
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Using the Tandem Prusik Belay |
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313 | (4) |
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Manufactured Safety Belay Devices |
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317 | (1) |
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Other Options for Using Safety Belay Systems |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (20) |
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Basic Considerations for Safe Entry |
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323 | (1) |
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The Role of the Entry Permit |
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323 | (1) |
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Interaction of Personnel Involved |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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The Role of Air Monitoring Equipment |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Using Personal Protective Equipment and Related Gear Respirators |
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326 | (3) |
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Chemical Protective Clothing |
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327 | (1) |
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Personal Safety Equipment |
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327 | (1) |
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Other Safety-Related Gear |
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327 | (1) |
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Personal Alarm Safety Systems |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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General Safe Work Practices |
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329 | (1) |
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Considerations for Tool and Equipment Use |
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330 | (1) |
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Emergency Retrieval and Fall Protection |
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331 | (3) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Special Considerations for Vertical Ascents and Descents |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (3) |
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Role of Internal Attendant |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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Dealing with Loss of Communication during Entry |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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Dealing with Claustrophobia |
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337 | (2) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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Coping with Claustrophobia |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (4) |
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|
|
Overview of Confined Space Rescue |
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343 | (20) |
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Basic Considerations for Rescue |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (2) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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Risk-versus-Benefit Analysis |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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Putting It All Together: The Rescue Quad |
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347 | (4) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (2) |
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Steps in the Confined Space Rescue Process |
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351 | (10) |
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Step 1: Preemergency Preparation and Planning |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (6) |
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Step 3: Developing a Plan of Action for Entry and Rescue |
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359 | (1) |
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Step 4: Initiating Hazard Control and Protective Provisions |
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360 | (1) |
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Step 5: Deploying and Rigging Rescue Equipment |
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360 | (1) |
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Step 6: Performing Rescue |
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360 | (1) |
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Step 7: Terminating the Rescue Operation |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (2) |
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Rescue Team Organization and Management |
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363 | (12) |
|
Origins of the Incident Management System |
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363 | (1) |
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Incident Management System Overview |
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363 | (3) |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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Integrated Communications |
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|
365 | (1) |
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Unified Command Structure |
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365 | (1) |
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Consolidated Action Plans |
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365 | (1) |
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Predesignated Incident Facilities |
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366 | (1) |
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Comprehensive Resource Management |
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366 | (1) |
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Functional Areas of the IMS |
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366 | (2) |
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Command and Command Staff Roles |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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|
367 | (1) |
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|
367 | (1) |
|
Deployment and Operation of the IMS |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Incident Management System in Confined Space Rescue |
|
|
369 | (4) |
|
Scenario 1: A Simple Single-Agency Response |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Scenario 2: A Complex Single-Agency Response |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Scenario 3: A Complex Multiagency Response |
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
Rigging and Using Rescue Systems |
|
|
375 | (38) |
|
Establishing Anchor Points for Rescue Systems |
|
|
375 | (6) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Cranes and Other Powered Industrial Equipment |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (4) |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
381 | (13) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Personnel Involved in Rappelling Operations |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Rappelling Using the Brake Bar Rack for Descent Control |
|
|
382 | (6) |
|
Rappelling Using the Figure 8 Descender for Descent Control |
|
|
388 | (3) |
|
Team Member Functions during Rappels |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Rapeller Self-Rescue during Emergencies |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
|
394 | (6) |
|
Rigging for Lowering Operations |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Personnel Roles in Lowering Operations |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
395 | (3) |
|
Operating the Lowering System |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
Using Rescue Systems in Hauling and Lowering Operations |
|
|
400 | (11) |
|
MA System Piggybacked onto a Mainline |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Converting a Lowering System to a Z Rig under Load |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
Converting a Z Rig to a Lowering System under Load |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (5) |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
Packaging and Transferring Patients for Confined Space Rescue |
|
|
413 | (46) |
|
Patient Packaging and Litter Rigging |
|
|
413 | (26) |
|
Considerations for Spinal Immobilization |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Using Harnesses in Victim Removal |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Using Improvised Harnesses in Rescue Operations |
|
|
414 | (4) |
|
|
418 | (7) |
|
Using Short Immobilization Devices |
|
|
425 | (3) |
|
|
428 | (4) |
|
|
432 | (7) |
|
Litter Lowering Operations |
|
|
439 | (19) |
|
Basic Considerations and Assumptions Regarding Litter Lowers |
|
|
439 | (5) |
|
Conducting Horizontal Single-Line High-Point Lowers |
|
|
444 | (4) |
|
Conducting Horizontal Double-Line High-Point Lowers |
|
|
448 | (3) |
|
Conducting Horizontal Low-Point Litter Lowers |
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
Conducting Vertical Litter Lowers |
|
|
453 | (3) |
|
Stairwell Lowering Systems |
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
Appendix I. Permit-Required Confined Space Decision Flowchart |
|
459 | (2) |
Appendix II. Examples of Permit-Required Confined Space Programs |
|
461 | (6) |
Appendix III. Rescue Team or Rescue Service Evaluation Criteria |
|
467 | (4) |
References |
|
471 | (2) |
Index |
|
473 | |